A method for an interconnection functionality between a first mobile communication network and a second mobile communication network includes: associating or assigning private identifier information to specific public land mobile network (PLMN) identifier information related to the second mobile communication network; and in respect of signalling messages and/or data traffic packets that are to be routed or to be addressed or to be processed, providing for or supporting, by a network identifier and number translating functionality, a replacement and/or a translation, in both directions, between the private identifier information and the specific PLMN identifier information related to the second mobile communication network.

A method for an interconnection functionality between a first mobile communication network and a second mobile communication network includes: associating or assigning private identifier information to specific public land mobile network (PLMN) identifier information related to the second mobile communication network; and in respect of signalling messages and/or data traffic packets that are to be routed or to be addressed or to be processed, providing for or supporting, by a network identifier and number translating functionality, a replacement and/or a translation, in both directions, between the private identifier information and the specific PLMN identifier information related to the second mobile communication network.

A network device having at least one processor and one or more non-transitory memories storing programming instructions that are associated with a steering decision function (SDF) in a network system and including instructions to obtain a carrier-grade network address translation (CGN) resource pool by receiving CGN resources reported by a plurality of user planes (UPs), where the network system includes the SDF, the plurality UPs, and a control plane (CP), receive a CGN instance obtaining request sent by the CP, the CGN instance obtaining request indicating to allocate a CGN instance to a user equipment, allocate a first CGN instance to the user equipment based on the CGN resource pool, the first CGN instance indicating a first UP, of the plurality of UPs, having an available CGN resource, and send the first CGN instance to the CP.

A communication method and apparatus are provided. In the method, an SMF sends first information to a first user plane network element, where the first information indicates the first user plane network element to send a report message to the SMF when receiving a first DNS response message that meets a first condition, and the report message includes information about an application server indicated by the first DNS response message or information about a data network corresponding to the application server. The first user plane network element sends the report message to the SMF when determining that the received first DNS response message meets the first condition. The SMF inserts the local session anchor based on the report message.

A communication method and apparatus are provided. In the method, an SMF sends first information to a first user plane network element, where the first information indicates the first user plane network element to send a report message to the SMF when receiving a first DNS response message that meets a first condition, and the report message includes information about an application server indicated by the first DNS response message or information about a data network corresponding to the application server. The first user plane network element sends the report message to the SMF when determining that the received first DNS response message meets the first condition. The SMF inserts the local session anchor based on the report message.

A method includes receiving, by a processing system of a user endpoint device, a network cookie directly from an internet service provider who provides a subscriber who is associated with the user endpoint device with connectivity to the internet, storing, by the processing system, the network cookie in a local memory of the user endpoint device, generating, by the processing system, a request to send to the Internet service provider, wherein the request comprises a request for an internet protocol address associated with a uniform resource locator of an internet content provider, attaching, by the processing system, the network cookie to the request, and sending, by the processing system, the request including the network cookie to the Internet service provider.

Apparatus and methods are disclosed for bridging communications between a private network and a public network. A mapping that associates a first set of IP addresses of endpoints in the private network with a second set of IP addresses of endpoints in the public network is provided which enables communications between the private network and public network for network-address-translation (NAT). In response to a data packet having a first IP address of the first set of IP addresses, the data packet is used to determine whether the local line should be accessed. In response to an indication that the local line should be accessed, the identifier among the second set of IP addresses may be used to activate bridging (e.g., ATB) circuit and redirect a call associated with the data packet by passing the data packet through the ATB circuit.

Apparatus and methods are disclosed for bridging communications between a private network and a public network. A mapping that associates a first set of IP addresses of endpoints in the private network with a second set of IP addresses of endpoints in the public network is provided which enables communications between the private network and public network for network-address-translation (NAT). In response to a data packet having a first IP address of the first set of IP addresses, the data packet is used to determine whether the local line should be accessed. In response to an indication that the local line should be accessed, the identifier among the second set of IP addresses may be used to activate bridging (e.g., ATB) circuit and redirect a call associated with the data packet by passing the data packet through the ATB circuit.

Disclosed are systems and methods for seamlessly redirecting network data between a client and a remote server. In one exemplary aspect, the method comprises receiving, at a remote server, the network data via a first remote desktop protocol (RDP) channel, wherein the network data is encapsulated and transmitted by a client device configured to communicate with the remote server. The method further comprises replacing a MAC address listed in the network data with a MAC address of a logical network adapter on the remote server, and placing received network packets into a network driver of the logical network adapter, wherein the logical network adapter transfers received data in an operating system of the remote server such that a server-side application on the remote server receives network packets from the client device.

Disclosed are systems and methods for seamlessly redirecting network data between a client and a remote server. In one exemplary aspect, the method comprises receiving, at a remote server, the network data via a first remote desktop protocol (RDP) channel, wherein the network data is encapsulated and transmitted by a client device configured to communicate with the remote server. The method further comprises replacing a MAC address listed in the network data with a MAC address of a logical network adapter on the remote server, and placing received network packets into a network driver of the logical network adapter, wherein the logical network adapter transfers received data in an operating system of the remote server such that a server-side application on the remote server receives network packets from the client device.