A signaling of at least one characteristic for layers of a multi-layered video signal such as, for example, for each layer the indication of dependent layers to which the respective layer directly relates via inter-layer prediction, or the signaling of the afore-mentioned second inter-dependency syntax structure, is described. A maximum syntax element is signaled within the multi-layered video signal to indicate a maximally used value of an extension layer-ID field of the packets of the multi-layered video signal, the scope of the maximum syntax element being, for example, a predetermined portion of the multi-layered video signal extending, for example, across several portions of the multi-layered video signal. Accordingly, it is feasible for devices such as decoders or network elements receiving the multi-layered video signal to gain, for a relatively large predetermined portion of the multi-layered video signal, knowledge about the actually consumed portion of the possible domain of possible values.

A method of performing a rate-distortion optimization process comprising selecting a preferred encoding mode by optimizing a function comprising an estimate of distortion for a target image portion and a measure of bit rate required to encode that portion. The estimate of distortion is based on source coding distortion and an estimate of error propagation distortion due to loss. The method further comprises transmitting the same encoded version of the video stream from the transmitting terminal to each of a plurality of receiving terminals over respective lossy channels, using the same rate-distortion optimization process in relation to each of the plurality of receiving terminals, making the same encoding mode selection per target image portion based on the same optimization of said function. The estimate of error propagation distortion comprises an aggregate estimate of error propagation distortion that would be experienced due to possible loss over the plurality of channels.

A method of performing a rate-distortion optimization process comprising selecting a preferred encoding mode by optimizing a function comprising an estimate of distortion for a target image portion and a measure of bit rate required to encode that portion. The estimate of distortion is based on source coding distortion and an estimate of error propagation distortion due to loss. The method further comprises transmitting the same encoded version of the video stream from the transmitting terminal to each of a plurality of receiving terminals over respective lossy channels, using the same rate-distortion optimization process in relation to each of the plurality of receiving terminals, making the same encoding mode selection per target image portion based on the same optimization of said function. The estimate of error propagation distortion comprises an aggregate estimate of error propagation distortion that would be experienced due to possible loss over the plurality of channels.

The present disclosure relates to methods and apparatus for video processing. In one aspect, the apparatus may configure at least one frame of plurality of frames in a video stream. The apparatus may also divide the at least one frame into one or more slices, each of the one or more slices including one or more data packets. The apparatus may also map each of the one or more slices to one of one or more communication channels. The apparatus may also transmit each of the one or more slices including the one or more data packets via the one of the one or more communication channels. In another aspect, the apparatus may receive each of one or more slices via one of one or more communication channels. The apparatus may also decode each of the one or more slices including one or more data packets.

A method of encoding a video picture includes dividing an original picture into a plurality of picture parts S1; selecting different reference pictures for the respective picture parts; carrying out inter prediction of the picture parts using the respective reference pictures selected in the selecting; and dispersing data acquired based on the inter prediction in packets in such a manner that encoded slices of the data corresponding to one of the picture parts will be included in one of the packets and encoded slices of the data corresponding to another of the picture parts will be included in another of the packets S71.

A method of encoding a video picture includes dividing an original picture into a plurality of picture parts S1; selecting different reference pictures for the respective picture parts; carrying out inter prediction of the picture parts using the respective reference pictures selected in the selecting; and dispersing data acquired based on the inter prediction in packets in such a manner that encoded slices of the data corresponding to one of the picture parts will be included in one of the packets and encoded slices of the data corresponding to another of the picture parts will be included in another of the packets S71.

An image transmission device (100) includes a compression unit (16) to generate first compression images (5) which are obtained by irreversibly compressing divided images, and to generate second compression images (6) which are obtained by reversibly compressing each of the first compression images (5), a decompression unit (17) to decompress each of the first compression images (5) as decompression images (7), a division sum image generation unit (12) to generate a division sum image (imgSUM), an error sum image generation unit (13) to generate an error sum image (ΔimgSUM), a judgment unit (14) to generate judgment data (Dj), and a transmission unit (15) to transmit the second compression images (6), the division sum image (imgSUM), the error sum image (ΔimgSUM) and the judgment data (Dj).

An image transmission device (100) includes a compression unit (16) to generate first compression images (5) which are obtained by irreversibly compressing divided images, and to generate second compression images (6) which are obtained by reversibly compressing each of the first compression images (5), a decompression unit (17) to decompress each of the first compression images (5) as decompression images (7), a division sum image generation unit (12) to generate a division sum image (imgSUM), an error sum image generation unit (13) to generate an error sum image (ΔimgSUM), a judgment unit (14) to generate judgment data (Dj), and a transmission unit (15) to transmit the second compression images (6), the division sum image (imgSUM), the error sum image (ΔimgSUM) and the judgment data (Dj).

A system and method for live video streaming over tactical wireless networks based on distortion estimation using multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP). The system and method can adaptively adjust the parameters of transport and application layers according to wireless network conditions, based on video distortion estimation using MLP neural network. The system includes a video motion and detail estimation block, a redundancy and video bitrate optimizer, a MLP neural network-based video distortion estimator, and video transport blocks, a packet error rate (PER) and bandwidth measurement block.

A method for decoding image frames at a client is described. The method includes generating an estimated image frame after receiving an encoded image frame of a stream of encoded image frames. The method further includes decoding the encoded image frame when the encoded image frame is received at a decode interval set for a frame rate of presentation. The method includes using the estimated image frame when a corresponding encoded image frame fails to arrive within the stream for presentation at the frame rate.