An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. In operation, the circuitry determines one or more tiles included in a picture and one or more subpictures included in the picture, according to a constraint condition that each tile of the one or more tiles includes at least one subpicture of the one or more subpictures entirely and the each tile does not include another subpicture of the one or more subpictures partially.

The image coding method includes: determining a context in a current block in the image, from among a plurality of contexts; and performing arithmetic coding on the control parameter for the current block to generate a bitstream corresponding to the current block, wherein in the determining: the context is determined under a condition that control parameters of neighboring blocks of the current block are used, when the signal type is a first type, the neighboring blocks being a left block and an upper block of the current block; and the context is determined under a condition that the control parameter of the upper block is not used, when the signal type is a second type, and the second type is (i) “merge_flag”, (ii) “ref_idx_l0” or “ref_idx_l1”, (iii) “inter_pred_flag”, (iv) “mvd_l0” or “mvd_l1”, (v) “no_residual_data_flag”, (vi) “intra_chroma_pred_mode”, (vii) “cbf_luma”, and (viii) “cbf_cb” or “cbf_cr”.

The image coding method includes: determining a context in a current block in the image, from among a plurality of contexts; and performing arithmetic coding on the control parameter for the current block to generate a bitstream corresponding to the current block, wherein in the determining: the context is determined under a condition that control parameters of neighboring blocks of the current block are used, when the signal type is a first type, the neighboring blocks being a left block and an upper block of the current block; and the context is determined under a condition that the control parameter of the upper block is not used, when the signal type is a second type, and the second type is (i) “merge_flag”, (ii) “ref_idx_l0” or “ref_idx_l1”, (iii) “inter_pred_flag”, (iv) “mvd_l0” or “mvd_l1”, (v) “no_residual_data_flag”, (vi) “intra_chroma_pred_mode”, (vii) “cbf_luma”, and (viii) “cbf_cb” or “cbf_cr”.

An image decoding method according to the present invention may comprise obtaining a motion vector of a current block, updating the motion vector when bi-directional optical flow is applied to the current block, performing motion compensation on the current block by using the updated motion vector.

An image decoding method according to the present invention may comprise obtaining a motion vector of a current block, updating the motion vector when bi-directional optical flow is applied to the current block, performing motion compensation on the current block by using the updated motion vector.

The present invention relates to the field of video image processing, and provides a filtering method and an apparatus, to resolve a problem that subjective quality and objective quality of an image deteriorate because filtering processing cannot be performed on internal blocks of a non-translational motion prediction unit.

The present invention relates to the field of video image processing, and provides a filtering method and an apparatus, to resolve a problem that subjective quality and objective quality of an image deteriorate because filtering processing cannot be performed on internal blocks of a non-translational motion prediction unit.

An encoder includes memory, and circuitry accessible to the memory. The circuitry accessible to the memory: determines whether OBMC is applicable to generation of a prediction image of a current block, according to whether BIO is to be applied to the generation of the prediction image of the current block; when BIO is to be applied to the generation of the prediction image of the current block, determines that OBMC is not applicable to the generation of the prediction image of the current block, and applies BIO to the generation of the prediction image of the current block without applying OBMC.

An encoder includes memory, and circuitry accessible to the memory. The circuitry accessible to the memory: determines whether OBMC is applicable to generation of a prediction image of a current block, according to whether BIO is to be applied to the generation of the prediction image of the current block; when BIO is to be applied to the generation of the prediction image of the current block, determines that OBMC is not applicable to the generation of the prediction image of the current block, and applies BIO to the generation of the prediction image of the current block without applying OBMC.

An apparatus comprising a multi-camera device including at least two cameras and a controller for receiving image data from the cameras, determining which areas of the images to enable for inter-view prediction, wherein the determination is based on imaging characteristics of the cameras and relative locations and orientations of the cameras within the multi-camera device, and enabling inter-view prediction for the determined areas of the images.