A method for determining a data forwarding tunnel, an AMF entity, and a base station (BS) are provided. The method includes: receiving data forwarding information of target UE forwarded by MME, and acquiring a QoS flow configured by a 5G core network for each bearer of the target UE, and mapping relationship between a bearer and a QoS flow, where the data forwarding information includes a list of bearers allocated by EPS to the target UE and an indication of a determination by a 4G BS as to whether each bearer of the target UE has data to forward; transmitting the data forwarding information, the configured QoS flow, and the mapping relationship to a target 5G BS; and receiving forwarding tunnel information of a 5G BS configured for the target UE by the target 5G BS according to the data forwarding information, the configured QoS flow, and the mapping relationship.

Provided are a network switching method, a network device, and a terminal device. The method comprises: a network device acquiring channel quality state information, the channel quality state information being used to reflect the channel quality of a second network; and when the network device determines that a first service ends or a serving network of a terminal device does not support the first service, determining, according to the channel quality state information, whether to switch the serving network from a first network to the second network.

Systems and methods for a handover (HO) for a migrating node are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the system and method are configured to send, by a central unit (CU) to a target distributed unit (DU), a user equipment (UE) context setup request configured to create a UE context and to set up at least one bearer, and receiving, by the CU from the target DU, a UE context setup response responsive to the UE context setup request.

A base station acquires information of a communication delay predicted in communication carried out by a terminal apparatus via another base station, and notifies the terminal apparatus of the acquired information of the communication delay. The terminal apparatus acquires this information of the communication delay from the base station.

Systems and methods of sharing channel information between co-located radio nodes are provided. In one exemplary embodiment, a method performed by a second radio node (111, 200, 300a, b, 1111) of sharing channel information between a first radio node (101, 500, 600a, b, 1101) and the second radio node that are co-located (107) may include obtaining (403), by the second radio node, first channel information characterizing a communication channel (105a-c) between a third radio node (121, 1121) and the first radio node in a first frequency band. Further, the method may include using (405), by the second radio node, the first channel information for communication with the third radio node or a fourth radio node (123) in a second frequency band.

Provided are a resource periodicity configuration method and device, a link processing and establishing method and device. Specifically, the resource periodicity configuration method includes: receiving, by a network side, a traffic mode and/or a clock accuracy capability reported by a user equipment (UE); and sending, by the network side, resource configuration information to the UE, where the resource configuration information carries at least one of: a periodicity factor of a configuration resource, a periodicity granularity of the configuration resource, or a periodicity length of the configuration resource; and the configuration information is used for indicating semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) traffic or configured grant (CG) traffic of the UE.

A technique for preparing User Equipment, UE, mobility from a 4G network to a 2G/3G network for a UE moving from a 5G network to the 2G/3G network via the 4G network is disclosed. A method implementation of the technique is performed by a network node after the UE has moved from the 5G network to the 4G network and includes triggering, for each of one or more bearers handed over from the 5G network to the 4G network for the UE, an update bearer procedure to provide one or more 2G/3G Quality of Service, QoS, parameters to the UE required to hand over the respective bearer to the 2G/3G network when the UE moves from the 4G network to the 2G/3G network.

Method and system for managing handover decisions while maintaining quality-of-service (QoS) of active user application sessions in a wireless network is disclosed. The method includes determining QoS requirement for each of the active user application sessions (UASs) based on user entitlements for relevant services associated with the active UASs, assessing the active UASs to determine instantaneous QoS level for each of the active UASs, and identifying impacted user equipment (UE) based on an overall QoS level for a set of active UAS, from among the active UASs, running on the impacted UE. The overall QoS level may be based on the instantaneous QoS level and the QoS requirement for each UAS in the set of active UAS. The method further includes managing a handover decision for the impacted UE based on a need for a handover of the impacted UE and a feasibility of the handover of the impacted UE.

Radio resource management is simplified when a cell is spatially separated by a plurality of radio beams. A cell configured by a base station device is spatially separated by a plurality of radio beams being served by the base station device. The base station device shares, between two or more of the plurality of radio beams, a radio resource control (RRC) parameter to be applied to a communication terminal device.

The embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method and apparatus for distinguishing between data formats, and a communication device. The method includes a terminal receives a downlink data packet, and determines whether the data format of the downlink data packet is a first data format or a second data format, wherein the first data format indicates that the downlink data packet is encrypted using a first key of a source base station and/or compressed using a first header compression format of the source base station, and the second data format indicates that the downlink data packet is encrypted using a second key of a target base station and/or compressed using a second header compression format of the target base station.