A heater control system includes a heater driver, a current sensor, a slope calculator, and a mode selector. The heater driver is configured to control current to a heater. The current sensor is configured to sense current supplied to the heater. The slope calculator is configured to calculate a slope of the current supplied to the heater. The mode selector is configured to adjust current supplied to the heater by the heated driver based on the slope of the current.

A heater device includes an insulating base material, a heater wire, a temperature detection element, a line and a branch line. The heater wire is provided on the insulating base material, forms a path through which current flows when energized, and generates heat when energized. The temperature detection element is provided on the insulating base material and has an electrical characteristics that change according to temperature. The line is provided on the insulating base material and is electrically connected to the temperature detection element. The branch line is provided on the insulating base material, has one end connected to the heater wire and the other end not connected to the heater wire, and extends around the temperature detection element.

A multifunctional assembly having a resistive element a conductive element in electrical communication with the resistive element, the conductive element defining at least one of a plurality of multifunctional zones of the resistive element, wherein the conductive element is configured to direct a flow of electricity across at least one of the plurality of multifunctional zones of the resistive element in a preselected manner.

An embodiment discloses a heating rod comprising: a ceramic substrate; and a heat-radiating element that is arranged in the ceramic substrate, wherein the ratio of the thickness of the ceramic substrate to the thickness of the heat-radiating element is between 1:2 and 1:50. The embodiment discloses a heater comprising: a case; a heat-radiating module that is arranged inside the case; and a power module that is electrically connected to the heat-radiating module, wherein the power module includes a substrate part, a heat sink that is connected to the substrate part, and a ventilation part through which a fluid flows in and out to/from the heat sink.

A sensor device includes at least one sensor unit, which is configured to detect a detection area; at least one through element, wherein the at least one sensor unit is configured to detect the detection area through the at least one through element; at least one temperature sensor on or in at least one through element, the at least one temperature sensor being configured to detect a temperature of the at least one through element; at least one heating unit, which is configured to heat the at least one through element; and a controller, which is connected to the at least one temperature sensor and the at least one heating unit and which is configured to control the at least one heating unit based on the temperature detected by the at least one temperature sensor.

A window glass anti-fogging structure includes an anti-fogging membrane and a heater. The structure is provided on a view-angle glass surface of a window glass of a vehicle such that the structure covers the view-angle glass surface. The view-angle glass surface is a part of an inner surface of the window glass within a range of an angle of view of a vehicle-installed camera provided in a vehicle interior space for taking images of a view outside of the vehicle through the view-angle glass surface.

A vehicle warm-up control apparatus includes: a motor; an inverter; an electric storage device; a boost converter connected to a low-voltage-side power line and a high-voltage-side power liner; and a control unit for controlling the inverter and the boost converter, the boost converter including a first switching device as an upper arm, a second switching device as a lower arm, and a reactor. Further, the second switching device is composed of a semiconductor device variable in resistance value, and when warm-up is requested, the control unit executes warm-up control to set the resistance value of the second switching device higher than the resistance value during operation when the warm-up is not requested, and supply heat generated in the second switching device by passing current through the second switching device to a device for which the warm-up is requested.

A method for operating a frost treatment system including a first heating mat, covering a first zone and an intermediate zone of a second zone, operating alternately at a first energy level adjusted to maintain a first positive temperature on the first zone and a negative temperature on at least a part of the intermediate zone and at a second energy level adjusted to generate a positive temperature on the intermediate zone, a second heating mat covering the second zone apart from the intermediate zone and ensuring the defrosting function for the zone. This solution makes it possible to reduce the energy consumption of the first heating mat by reducing the energy level at which it is powered for most of the time. Also, an outer wall of an aircraft is provided including at least one frost treatment system operating according to this method.

An ice protection system and method capable of anti-icing and de-icing aerodynamic structures and surfaces is provided comprising a Resistive Heat Coat (RHC) controller and a heating device. The RHC controller comprises a RHC power circuit topology having a processor and a buck converter. The RHC controller further comprises a RHC control algorithm. The heating device comprises a plurality of resistive heating elements, such as CNT-based resistive heaters. The ice protection systems and methods disclosed can achieve an efficiency of 98% or greater while employing a direct current (DC) power supply and “hard switching” with a switching frequency of at least 500 kHz.

A system for automatically adapting operating parameters of a galley device on the basis of provided supply items for on-board catering for a vehicle, in particular an aircraft, includes a galley device that has an identification device that is designed to identify a supply item; and a control device for controlling the galley device, wherein the control device is designed to provide operating parameters for the identified supply item and to operate the galley device in accordance with the operating parameters.