A vaping device has a rechargeable battery providing a voltage to an inserted removable cartridge. The cartridge contains a chemical solution that generates an aerosol upon an increase in temperature. A mode switch allows selection between two voltages, in turn allowing selection of two different temperatures.

Temperature control systems and methods for a thermal reactor having a process chamber, the control system comprising a first control loop comprising a first Model-Based Predictive Controller (MBPC) and a second control loop comprising a second MBPC, wherein the first and second MBPC are provided with predictive models representing the behavior of the thermal reactor.

A heating element 76 of a heater section includes an inner region 91, having a lower resistance per unit length than an outer region 92 at one or more temperatures in the range of 700 C. to 900 C.

A substrate processing apparatus includes a holder and a heating device. The holder is configured to hold a central portion of a bottom surface of a substrate to be rotated. The heating device is configured to supply a heated fluid to the bottom surface of the substrate. The heating device includes multiple fins, a heat source, a fluid introduction unit and a fluid discharge unit. The multiple fins are arranged along a circumferential direction of the substrate to be located under the substrate at an outer side than the holder. The heat source is configured to heat the multiple fins. The fluid introduction unit is configured to introduce the fluid to the multiple fins. The fluid discharge unit is configured to discharge the fluid, which is heated while passing through the multiple fins, to the bottom surface of the substrate.

The heater 72 of the heater portion includes the linear portions 78 and the bend portions 77. A resistance value per unit length of the bend portions 77 at least at a temperature within a temperature range of no less than 700 C. and no more than 900 C. is lower than a resistance value per unit length of the linear portions 78.

A heating apparatus for a gas chromatography column is described. The GC column heating apparatus includes a conical heater assembly comprising a heating element between an inner layer and an outer layer. The apparatus can also include optionally an outer cowl and/or an inner cowl surrounding the conical heater assembly. The conical heater assembly rapidly increases the temperature of the column by conductive heating. The selection of shape (in particular, the cone angle of a conical heater) and materials allows the GC column to adapt to expansion that occurs upon heating. A gas chromatography (GC) column heating and cooling apparatus is also described, in which the heater and outer cowl define a flowpath through which a cooling fluid can pass and cool the GC column.

A heater 72 of a heater portion includes linear portions 78 and bend portions 77. A resistance value per unit length of the bend portions 77 at least at a temperature within a temperature range of no less than 700 C. and no more than 900 C. is lower than a resistance value per unit length of the linear portions 78.

The invention relates to a method and a heating device (1c) for inductively heating a stator (2) or armature (3) of an electric machine, in particular before and during trickle impregnation thereof. In addition, the invention relates to an impregnating device (50) in which this heating device (1c) is integrated. According to the invention, it is provided that the heating takes place inductively by means of electromagnetic fields of different frequencies. For this purpose, it is provided in the case of the heating device (1c) that it has at least one electromagnetic inductor (18, 21, 24) which is disposed coaxially or axially parallel with respect to the longitudinal axis (7) of the stator (2) or armature (3) and which inductively heats said stator or armature, and that the at least one inductor (18, 21, 24) is designed to generate at least two electromagnetic fields of different frequencies.

The present invention relates to a cryogenic heating system including a plurality of stages to provide accurate temperature control. The system can be used to provide non-contact heating and cooling of a test sample by use of an inert fluid. Accurate temperature control can be maintained, e.g., by use of controllers to provide temperature feedback control.

The present invention relates to a method for thermally activating a functional layer of a coating material, preferably an edge material, wherein the method comprises the following steps: providing the coating material; feeding the coating material to a device for thermally activating a functional layer of the coating material; and thermally activating the functional layer of the coating material, wherein the thermal activation of the functional layer of the coating material occurs by microwaves which are generated by at least one semiconductor wave generator. The present invention also relates to a device for thermally activating a functional layer of a coating material.