To avoid an adverse effect on the sensor by the heater. A controller for a heater installed in a vehicle lamp, where the controller detects a rising edge of a light emission period of a sensor light emitted from an object detection sensor built in the vehicle lamp, and starts supply of a drive voltage to the heater in accordance with the rising edge.

A flow heater for vehicles is described. The flow heater has a housing, which has an inlet and an outlet. A flow channel for fluid to be heated is disposed in the housing and leads from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet. A heating plate forms a wall of a heated section of the flow channel and carries an electric heating resistor. A calorimetric flow sensor is provided for measuring a fluid flow in the flow channel.

An aerosol-generating device includes a heater configured to heat an aerosol-generating material, a puff detection sensor configured to detect puffs of a user, a battery configured to supply power to the heater, and a controller configured to: based on a new puff being detected by the puff detection sensor, count a number of accumulated puffs including the new puff, determine a puff section corresponding to the number of accumulated puffs from among a plurality of puff sections which are divided according to the number of accumulated puffs, and control the power supplied to the heater based on a power range preset for the determined puff section.

Disclosed are a ceramic electric heating element having a two-layer structure, and an electric soldering iron. The electric heating element having a two-layer ceramic structure comprises an inner conducting layer and an outer insulating layer; the insulating layer wraps the conducting layer, and the conducting layer is exposed outside the insulating layer at the head and tail of the electric heating element. In addition, the ceramic electric heating element having a two-layer structure is used to the electric soldering iron. The present invention allows the miniaturization in the manufacture of ceramic electric heating bodies, with low production cost and low difficulty in respect of the process.

An electrocaloric fiber includes an electrocaloric material surrounding a centrally located electrode. The electrocaloric fiber may further include an outer electrode surrounding the electrocaloric material. The electrocaloric fiber may be used to form an electrocaloric fabric.

A hand held appliance including a fluid flow path extending between a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet and a ceramic heater within the fluid flow path wherein the fluid flow path is non-linear and the heater is non-linear. The appliance may include a housing wherein the housing houses the heater and encloses the fluid flow path, and wherein the housing is curved. The heater may be curved. The housing may include a straight section and a curved section and the heater is housed within the curved section. The heater may include at least one heating element comprising a flat ceramic plate and a conductive track. The heating element may be arcuate. The heating element may have a constant curvature.

An aerosol-generating device comprises an infrared emitter and an electric core for supplying power to the infrared emitter; the infrared emitter comprises at least one first infrared emission region and at least one second infrared emission region arranged in sequence along the circumferential direction of the chamber; the first infrared emission region and the second infrared emission region are independently activatable to independently radiate infrared rays into the chamber to heat different portions of the smokable material. In the above aerosol-generating device, the regions of the smokable material receiving chamber which are different along the circumferential direction correspond to the first infrared emission region and the second infrared emission region, respectively, and can be independently heated by the first infrared emission region and the second infrared emission region, respectively, in use, so that the smokable material can be gradually heated from part to whole in use.

A method of manufacturing a ceramic heater, the method includes the steps of: (a) forming, on a surface of a first ceramic fired layer or an unfired layer, a resistance heating element or its precursor in a predetermined pattern; (b) forming a recessed groove along a longitudinal direction by radiating laser light to the resistance heating element or its precursor; (c) obtaining a layered body by disposing a second ceramic unfired layer on the surface of the first ceramic fired layer or the unfired layer; and (d) obtaining the ceramic heater in which the resistance heating element is embedded in a ceramic substrate by performing hot press firing on the layered body, wherein, in the step (b), the recessed groove is formed such that a side wall surface of the recessed groove is inclined relative to the surface of the first ceramic fired layer or the unfired layer.

A heater member (1a) includes a support (10), a heating element (20), and at least one pair of power supply electrodes (30). The support (10) is made of an organic polymer and has a sheet shape. The heating element (20) is made of a polycrystalline material containing indium oxide as a main component and in contact with one principal surface of the support (10). The power supply electrodes (30) are in contact with one principal surface of the heating element (20). The heating element (20) has a sheet resistance in the range from 10 to 150 Ω/sq. The heating element (20) has a thickness of more than 20 nm and not more than 200 nm. The internal stress of the heating element (20) as measured by an X-ray stress measurement method is 500 MPa or less.

The present disclosure provides a precursor solution of a semiconductor electrothermal film, which comprises component A, component B, and component C. The component A comprises the following components by weight: 2-10 parts of tin tetrachloride pentahydrate, 3-6 parts of stannous chloride and 0.3-1 part of glycerol, also comprises a pH regulator, the pH of the component A is 4.7-6.2; the component B comprises the following components by weight: 5-10 parts of conductivity regulator, the conductivity regulator is selected from a group consisting of antimony trichloride dihydrate, bismuth trioxide, aluminum oxide and thallium dioxide, 0.6-1 part chlorinated aluminum and a mixture thereof, also comprises a pH regulator, the pH of the component B is 4.7-5.0; the component C comprises the following components by weight: 0.5-0.7 parts of tin oxide, 0.8-1.5 parts of bismuth oxide and 15-25 parts of ethanol; also comprises 15-30 parts of distilled water. A preparation method of electrothermal film and electrothermal structure is further provided. The obtained semiconductor electrothermal film has good nature of resistance to sudden temperature changes, good temperature stability, attenuation resistance, fast heating speed, and high temperature resistance.