According to one aspect, a wax warmer includes a body to support a reservoir adapted to receive a wax melt. The wax warmer also includes a heater having a first heating state to heat the wax melt from a first temperature below a melting point of the wax melt to a second temperature above the melting point of the wax melt in a predetermined amount of time. The heater has a second heating state to substantially maintain the wax melt within a temperature range above the melting point of the wax melt.

A washer liquid heating apparatus integrated into a reservoir may include a plate-type heater that may be installed in a hole of the reservoir to heat a washer liquid within the reservoir, a protect cover that may be assembled into the reservoir to surround the heater, and a fastening device for fixing the heater and the protect cover to the reservoir, wherein the plate-type heater may be fixed to be exposed to an inside of the reservoir through the hole such that a heating surface where heating may be performed heats the washer liquid within the reservoir.

A heater is provided having at least one thermally sprayed resistive heating layer, the resistive heating layer comprising a first metallic component that is electrically conductive and capable of reacting with a gas to form one or more carbide, oxide, nitride, and boride derivative; one or more oxide, nitride, carbide, and boride derivative of the first metallic component that is electrically insulating; and a third component capable of stabilizing the resistivity of the resistive heating layer. In some embodiments, the third component is capable of pinning the grain boundaries of the first metallic component deposited in the resistive heating layer and/or altering the structure of aluminum oxide grains deposited in the resistive heating layer.

A heating device may include a substrate and a heating element disposed on a surface of the substrate. The heating element may include an ohmically resistive coating having a layer thickness of 2 to 300 microns. The ohmically resistive coating may include at least 30% by weight of at least one ductile or malleable metal and a plurality of electrically resistive particles. The ohmically resistive coating may be deposited via the at least one of the cold spray and the solid state deposition performed at a temperature below at least one of a melting temperature and a partially softening temperature of the at least one ductile or malleable metal. The ohmically resistive coating may exhibit less heterogeneity and porosity than a thermally sprayed coating, may have a density of 90% or greater, and may have a porosity of 10% or less.

A heater according to an embodiment includes a substrate, a first wiring, a second wiring, and a plurality of first heating elements. Each first heating element includes an inclined portion, a first connecting portion, and a second connecting portion. When viewed from a direction perpendicular to the one surface of the substrate, the inclined portion is provided between the first wiring and the second wiring and inclined with respect to the first direction. An angle between the first (second) connecting portion side and the first (second) wiring side on an inclined portion side is larger than an angle between the first (second) wiring side on the inclined portion side and the inclined portion side on one (the other) side of the first direction where an angle between the inclined portion side and the first (second) wiring side on the inclined portion side is 90° or less.

Provided is a placing table configured to place a workpiece thereon. The placing table includes: an electrostatic chuck configured to attract the workpiece; a support member configured to support a focus ring; and a metal base having a first region configured to support the electrostatic chuck and a second region configured to support the support member, the second region surrounding the first region. The support member includes: an intermediate layer formed of a ceramic sintered compact and supported on the second region via an adhesive; a thermally sprayed ceramic layer formed on the intermediate layer by a thermal spraying method; and a heater electrode provided within the thermally sprayed ceramic layer. The heater electrode is formed by the thermal spraying method.

A thick film high temperature thermoplastic insulated resistive heating element including one or more base dielectric layers screen printed on a metal substrate having a composition one or more melt-flowable thermoplastic polymers, inorganic filler particles, a transition dielectric layer on top of the uppermost based dielectric layer containing inorganic additives in addition to one or more melt-flowable thermoplastic polymers and inorganic filler particles. A heater layer is coated on top of the top dielectric layer where the topmost dielectric layer acts as a transition layer between the uppermost dielectric to protect the adjacent resistor layer from the development of hot spots and cracking arising from the propagation of microcracks due to, amongst other things, residual stresses transmitted to the resistive layer from the sub-layers due to the thermal history of the resistive heater and substrate. The topmost transition dielectric layer is comprised of a ternary or higher mixture of the thermoplastic material such as, but not limited to, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), the inorganic filler such as alumina and other additives such as aluminum nitride.

An electrical connector includes a power feeding portion and a powered portion that contacts the power feeding portion. At least one of the power feeding portion and the powered portion includes a surface layer, a primary coat layer, and an exposed portion. The surface layer is made of a first conductive metal and includes a contact portion where the power feeding portion contacts the powered portion. The primary coat layer mounts the surface layer and is made of a second conductive metal. The exposed portion is separated from the contact portion and exposed to an atmosphere.

The application relates to food preparation apparatus with an electrical heating device comprising at least two electrical PTC thermistors for heating a food in a food preparation space, wherein the electrical PTC thermistors are electrically connected in parallel. The parallel-connected PTC thermistors are electrically connected to each other by one or more electrical bridges.

Using designs in accordance with the present application, local heating during the preparation of a food may be avoided.

Disclosed in the present invention are a metal heating body, a metal heating device, and a metal heating body manufacturing method. The metal heating body comprises a metal base material and an electric heating layer; the electric heating layer is provided with a heating area and an insulation area; the insulation area isolates the heating area from the metal base material; the metal heating body is provided with at least two electrode layers; the at least two electrode layers are at least partially provided in the heating area or located at two ends of the heating area.