Contextual vocabulary and methods of use are provided herein. A method may include obtaining contextual properties for a plurality of end users and device related information for computing devices used by the plurality of end users, the contextual information being obtained from a plurality of ambient information sources, including selection from a plurality of contextual repositories. Also, the method may include calculating a trust level for each of the plurality of customer analytic information sources and each of the plurality of device information databases, and building a contextual vocabulary from the contextual information and the device related information selected based upon their trust levels.

A roofing product can include a heater. In an embodiment, the heater can have different areas that have different heat flux capacities, different portions having heater elements of different lengths or a combination thereof. The roofing product can be installed so that an area of the roof that has a higher heat load, such as near an eave and a valley of the roof, can receive more heat. In another embodiment, the roofing product includes an overhang section that includes at least a portion of the heater. The roofing product can be installed, and the overhang section can be coupled to an object that extends beyond an edge of the roof or over a plane defined by a roof. Many different manufacturing techniques can be used to form the heaters.

A method for controlling temperature of a substrate support includes receiving first and second currents corresponding to first and second heater elements, respectively, of a substrate support, receiving first and second voltages corresponding to the first and second heater elements, respectively, calculating a first resistance of the first heater element based on the first voltage and the first current, calculating a second resistance of the second heater element based on the second voltage and the second current, calculating a first temperature of a first zone of the substrate support based on the first resistance and stored data correlating resistances to temperatures, calculating a second temperature of a second zone of the substrate support based on the second resistance and the stored data, and selectively adjusting the stored data based on a comparison between a sensed temperature and at least one of the calculated first temperature and second temperature.

The present invention relates to a heating module (14) with at least one PTC thermistor element (2) and at least one heating element (15), which is different from a PTC thermistor element (2), wherein the heating element (15) and the PTC thermistor element (2) are connected electrically in series. A simplified and cost-effective production and/or operation of the heating module (14) materialise in that the heating element (15) is thermally connected to the PTC thermistor element (2) in a heat-transferring manner and an electric current density through the PTC thermistor element (2) is lower than the electric current density through the heating element (15).

The invention, furthermore, relates to a heating device (31) having at least one such heating module (14).

Provided is a composite ceramic atomizer, comprising a first main body and a second main body, wherein the first main body and the second main body are integrally formed by using a glazing and sealing process, and the first main body is connected to the second main body by means of a glazed surface formed by glazing. The glazed surface completely or partially covers a surface at the joint between the first main body and the second main body. The first main body comprises a heating carrier and a conductive path for heating, the conductive path being formed on a surface of or inside the heating carrier and having a first contact part and a second contact part connected to a power supply. The second main body is used for liquid conduction.

Disclosed is a ceramic heater and a ceramic plate for a ceramic heater, wherein, in order to prevent crack development at a ceramic surface around an electrode part and thereby improve durability, the end of a support part for an electrode rod is spaced apart from the ceramic surface opposite thereto, and a space for placing a filler mass is provided around the end of the support part for the electrode rod, whereby force or stress applied to the ceramic surface due to the expansion of the support part or by the filler mass is removed.

An aerosol generating device includes a reservoir configured to contain a liquid medium and a heating body including a sheet of an electrically-conductive material having a first surface in physical contact with the liquid medium and a second surface opposite the first surface, interfacing with ambient air, and including an array of micro-nozzles disposed over an area of the sheet and extending through the sheet from the first surface to the second surface. An electrical power unit, is configured to inject pulses of electrical current through the area of the sheet, with a pulse energy selected so as to heat the conducting material sufficiently to vaporize the liquid medium. The micro-nozzles have a profile selected so as to cause a vapor of the liquid medium to be accelerated by the micro-nozzles to form respective high-speed jets of hot vapor into the ambient air.

Ice protection systems for aircraft, and methods of their manufacture, where the ice protection system includes a metallic substance applied to a nonconductive substructure of the external skin portion at a leading edge of an aircraft, an electrical power source, and a conductor circuit electrically connecting the power source across the metallic substance. In particular, the metallic substance may be applied to a nonconductive substructure on an annular inlet surface of an aircraft nacelle lip skin, and a power source can be electrically connected across the metallic substance.

An exhaust gas heater for an exhaust gas system of an internal combustion engine includes a carrier arrangement, a heating-conductor arrangement, carried on the carrier arrangement and having at least one heating conductor through which a current flows with at least one heating conductor being carried in an electrically insulated manner with respect to the carrier arrangement by at least one carrier-element supporting unit and/or with at least one heating conductor being carried in an electrically insulated manner with respect to a further heating conductor by at least one heating-conductor supporting unit. A connecting arrangement securely connects the heating-conductor arrangement to the carrier arrangement and also a length-compensating arrangement for compensating for different thermal expansions of components of the exhaust gas heater.

The abstract of the disclosure is a thermal-ultrafine bubble generation unit which is configured to generate thermal-ultrafine bubbles by bringing a liquid into film boiling. More specifically, the thermal-ultrafine bubble generation unit in the disclosure includes a temperature detection element that is configured to detect generation of the film boiling.