A heater is installed indoors and heated to a target temperature. The heater is controlled by a controller. The controller has a regular control module which heats the heater to reach the target temperature. In addition, the controller has a suppressive control module which heats the heater to a suppressed temperature lower than the target temperature by electric power suppressed so that surface moisture adhering on the surface of the heater is decreased. When an activation of the heater is ordered, the heater is heated by the suppressive control module, after that, the heater is heated by the regular control module. The surface moisture is decreased by the suppressed temperature. Therefore, generating rapid boiling and/or rapid evaporation of the surface moisture by the target temperature may be suppressed.

A radiation heater apparatus has a plurality of heat radiation parts and a plurality of heating parts. A low thermal conductive part is formed between adjacent two of the heat radiation parts. The low thermal conductive part is provided with resin material which mainly forms a substrate part. The low thermal conductive part thermally isolates the heat radiation part by surrounding a periphery of the heat radiation part. As a body contacts with the surface of the apparatus, the thermal energy of specific heat radiation part directly under the body dissipates heat to the body. Furthermore, heat transfer from the periphery of the specific heat radiation part to the specific heat radiation part is reduced by the low thermal conductive part.

A multifunctional assembly having a resistive element a conductive element in electrical communication with the resistive element, the conductive element defining at least one of a plurality of multifunctional zones of the resistive element, wherein the conductive element is configured to direct a flow of electricity across at least one of the plurality of multifunctional zones of the resistive element in a preselected manner.

A heater (1a) includes a substrate (10), a heating element (20) that is a transparent conductive film (20), an intermediate layer (30), and at least a pair of power supply electrodes (40). The intermediate layer (30) is disposed between the substrate (10) and the transparent conductive film (20), and has a first principal surface (31) positioned closer to the transparent conductive film (20) than the substrate (10). The pair of power supply electrodes (40) are in contact with the transparent conductive film (20). The intermediate layer (30) contains an organic polymer (32) forming a cured product and particles (34) of silica or a metal oxide dispersed in the cured product. The transparent conductive film (20) has a surface having an arithmetic average roughness Ra, specified in JIS B 0601:2013, of 7.0 nm or less.

A trim element includes at least one support layer having an inner face and an outer face and at least one functional layer made from a carbon material extending over at least part of the inner face or over at least part of the outer face of the support layer. At least part of the functional layer defines at least one heating element formed by a pattern that includes at least one conductive area made from carbon material and at least one nonconductive area formed by a through opening in the functional layer, the conductive area being supplied by a current source electrically connected to the conductive area.

A film-closure apparatus is provided which is suitable for closing plastic film material using heat. The apparatus comprises a guide path along which at least part of a plastics film material can pass; a drive means for moving the film material along the guide path; and a printed circuit board comprising a circuit substrate having first and second major board surfaces and a perimeter edge surface, and an electrically conductive heating element which is provided on the circuit substrate along at least part of the perimeter edge surface. The electrically conductive heating element is positionable on the guide path to apply heat to the film material thereon.

A refrigerator includes a main body and a storage compartment provided inside the main body. A heater assembly partitions the storage compartment into a first storage compartment and a second storage compartment. The heater assembly includes a first case provided to define a surface of the first storage compartment, a second case coupled to the first case to form an accommodation space with the first case and provided to define a surface of the second storage compartment, a fixing unit formed on at least one of an inner surface of the first case and an inner surface of the second case, and a surface heater fixed to at least one of the inner surface of the first case and the inner surface of the second case by being coupled to the fixing unit. The surface heater includes a film and a heating wire printed on the film.

A composite dry adhesive includes (a) an adhesive layer comprising a shape memory polymer and (b) a resistive heating layer comprising a shape memory polymer composite on the adhesive layer. The shape memory polymer composite includes conductive particles dispersed in a shape memory polymer matrix, where the conductive particles have a concentration sufficient to form a conductive path through the resistive heating layer.

A heater system for an LED light assembly having a lens includes a flexible composite positioned around an outer surface of the lens. The flexible composite includes a polymer base layer, a plurality of conductive buses provided on the base layer, and a resistive layer electrically connecting the plurality of buses to form a circuit. The resistive layer includes conductor particles dispersed in a polymer matrix. The resistive layer has a crystalline first condition prior to applying electricity to one of the buses and an amorphous second condition in response to applying electricity to one of the buses.

Provided is a heater which includes a base film having a metal foil on a surface of the base film, and a resistor. The metal foil forms a heater circuit that generates heat when energized, and the heater circuit is connected in series with the resistor.