In order to control the temperature of a covering, the process of laying a heating line under the individual covering elements is known. However, this leads to various disadvantages. A functional body for a covering is provided which can be temperature-controlled, has an increased stability and is inexpensive to produce. This is achieved in that a bottom side of the functional body can be deposited on a substrate and a top side thereof can be joined together with the covering. The covering may for example be a floor covering, but may also be a wall covering or a cover element, in particular a tile, a glazed tile, a panel or the like for applications for indoor and outdoor regions. A temperature-control means is arranged on or in the top side of the functional body.

In some examples, preheat three-dimensional (3D) printer build material can include a heating plate of a 3D printer to preheat build material from below the build material, where the heating plate is located adjacent to a build platform of the 3D printer, and a heater-spreader carriage of the 3D printer to preheat the build material from above the build material and spread the preheated build material from the heating plate to the build platform.

Disclosed herein is a temperature control element for heating a sensor for detecting surroundings, having a three-dimensional plastic component, characterized in that at least one metallized structure is integrated into the plastic component or respectively provided therein, wherein the metallized structure is configured in such a manner that it assumes a heating function. A sensor arrangement for detecting surroundings is also disclosed, having a sensor for detecting surroundings as well as a temperature control element.

A heat-generating sheet including: an electrically conductive sheet having a pseudo sheet structure, serving as a heat-generating region, in which electrically conductive linear-bodies, each having a diameter D of 100 μm or less and extending in one direction, are arranged at intervals; one or more first strip electrodes each electrically connected to one end in a longitudinal direction of each of the linear-bodies in the pseudo sheet structure; and second strip electrodes each electrically connected to another end in the longitudinal direction of each of the linear-bodies in the pseudo sheet structure, heat-generating regions, which serve as the heat-generating region, being formed between the second strip electrodes and the one or more first strip electrodes, wherein the heat-generating regions are coupled with the respective one or more first strip electrodes or the respective second strip electrodes so that conduction directions of adjacent heat-generating regions alternate with each other.

Systems and methods are provided for controlling infrared radiation (IR) sources of a sauna including tuning IR wavelength-ranges and radiated power-levels of IR sources, and directing IR to locations on a user's body. In one illustrative embodiment, a sauna may be provided having adjustable IR emitters to emit IR at any wavelength resulting in a desirable radiation treatment for the sauna user. In another illustrative embodiment, a method is provided for tuning IR emitters in a sauna.

A roofing product can include a heater. In an embodiment, the heater can have different areas that have different heat flux capacities, different portions having heater elements of different lengths or a combination thereof. The roofing product can be installed so that an area of the roof that has a higher heat load, such as near an eave and a valley of the roof, can receive more heat. In another embodiment, the roofing product includes an overhang section that includes at least a portion of the heater. The roofing product can be installed, and the overhang section can be coupled to an object that extends beyond an edge of the roof or over a plane defined by a roof. Many different manufacturing techniques can be used to form the heaters.

Provided is a far-infrared ray radiation sheet capable of realizing a heating device exhibiting reduced heat unevenness and a high heat diffusion property, that is highly effective as a heater and good for a human body. There is provided a far-infrared ray radiation sheet 1 formed in a planar shape, that radiates far-infrared rays, the far-infrared ray radiation sheet comprising heat generation type mixed paper 20 formed by mixing a basic material and carbon fiber; electrodes 21 provided to the heat generation type mixed paper 20; heat diffusion type mixed paper 10 formed by mixing the basic material, and the carbon fiber or graphite exhibiting high heat conductivity, that is laminated on the heat generation type mixed paper 20; and prepregs and PET films 23 are laminated on the heat generation type mixed paper 20 and the heat diffusion type mixed paper 10, wherein the far-infrared rays are radiated by applying current to the electrodes 21.

Methods, systems and devices for making a pedestrian, vehicular, or other surface resistant to frost, snow and ice by use of heat are disclosed. A composite base or deck element includes a recess to accommodate heating element. A thermal insulator has an upward facing layer of heat-conductive aluminum foil, above which sits the heating element. On top is a pedestrian, vehicular, or other exposed surface, for example a tactile warning surface.

A wiring sheet includes: a pseudo sheet structure including a plurality of conductive linear bodies arranged at intervals; a pair of electrodes; and a first power feeder provided for one of the electrodes and a second power feeder provided for the other of the electrodes, in which provided that the number of the conductive linear bodies is N, a resistance value of each conductive linear body is r, a resistance value of each electrode is R, a resistance value of each electrode between the n-th conductive linear body and the (n1)th conductive linear body counted from a side at which the first power feeder and the second power feeder are provided is R.sub.n, the wiring sheet satisfies all conditions represented by numerical formulae (F1) to (F3) below,

r/R300(F1)

R.sub.nR.sub.n1(F2)

where n is an integer of 2 or more,

0<R.sub.2R.sub.N(F3).

A plated silicon-based electronic cigarette atomizing chip includes the following components: a silicon substrate, wherein the silicon substrate is provided with an array of micro-pillars or an array of micro-holes, an inlet end, and an outlet end, the outer walls of the micro-pillars are plated side walls, the inner walls of the micro-holes are plated inner walls, and the array of micro-pillars defines a plurality of micro-channels or electronic cigarette liquid channels penetrating the micro-holes are provided on the silicon substrate; a glass cover, wherein the air holes passing through the glass cover are provided; and the glass cover is fixedly connected to the silicon substrate by a bonding process.