There is described a system for preventing accumulation of meltable precipitation on a surface. The system generally has: a concrete slab having a slab body with a top surface opposed to a bottom surface, the slab body having electrically conductive concrete; a plurality of elongated electrodes within said slab body, a first set of said elongated electrodes being spaced apart from one another proximate to said top surface and a second set of said elongated electrodes being spaced apart from one another away from said elongated electrodes of said first set, the elongated electrodes of the first set being interspersed with the elongated electrodes of the second set; and a voltage source being electrically connected to the elongated electrodes and being operable to apply a voltage to said elongated electrodes, thereby generating heat within said slab body for melting said accumulation on said top surface.

A method for producing a surface heater for heating a sub-region of a vehicle includes a first step, a second step, a third step, and a fourth step. The first step includes arranging heating wires on a film and either: i) the film is subsequently formed to a predefined shape, or ii) providing a film which has been formed to a predefined shape. The second step includes inserting the formed film into an injection-molding tool. The heating wires point either toward the wall or into the hollow space of the injection-molding tool. The third step includes overmolding with a predefined material. The fourth step includes applying a transparent lacquer layer to the finished injection-molded part.

Described herein is a heating device for use with apparatus for heating smokable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokable material. The heating device includes a heating element, and smokable material bonded to the heating element. The heating element includes a layer of electrically-conductive material, a first layer of polyimide, and a second layer of polyimide. The layer of electrically-conductive material is located between the first and second layers of polyimide. Also described are cartridges including the heating device, apparatus including the heating device, and methods of manufacturing the heating device.

Provided is a uniformly-heating system for curing concrete. A uniformly-heating system for curing concrete according to an embodiment of the present application includes a plurality of unit heating devices each is coupled to an external panel of a form for concrete manufacturing in a in close contact state therewith, and a power supply unit that supplies power to the plurality of unit heating devices, wherein the unit heating device includes a body housing that is attached to a surface of the form and has a predetermined unit area, a gripping portion that is coupled to an upper surface of the body housing, and a planar heating heater that is coupled to a lower surface of the body housing.

A heater (1a) includes a support (10) made of an organic polymer and having a sheet shape, a heating element (20), and at least one pair of power supply electrodes (30) in contact with the heating element (20). The heating element (20) is a transparent conductive film made of a polycrystalline material containing indium oxide as a main component. In the heater (1a), the heating element (20) has a specific resistance of 1.4×10.sup.−4 Ω.Math.cm to 3×10.sup.−4 Ω.Math.cm. The heating element (20) has a thickness of more than 20 nm and not more than 100 nm.

An interior trim for a passenger compartment of a vehicle includes a first carrier, which has an inner side, facing the passenger compartment, and an outer side, directed away from the passenger compartment. A heating element is arranged on the outer side. It is proposed to arrange a matrix and a filler in the first carrier. The filler has a thermal conductivity that is higher than that of the matrix so that heat generated by the heating element can be directed through the filler into the passenger compartment.

Provided are a planar heat generating body and a vehicle windshield device that are capable of effectively suppressing adhesion of foreign matter thereto. The planar heat generating body includes: a heat generating wire that repeatedly folds so as to cover a surface surrounded by an outline; and a conducting wire for supplying current to the heat generating wire, that has a lower electrical resistance than the heat generating wire, as a result of having a greater width than the heat generating wire, and follows the outline.

An electrical film heater having a variable thermal output is described herein. The electrothermal film heater comprises a substrate having first and second major surfaces that is characterized by a length and a width. A nonuniform graphite coating layer is disposed on at least one major surface of the substrate creating a variable electrical resistance coating on the substrate along at least one of the length and/or the width of the substrate, and a pair of spaced apart bus bars disposed on top of the graphite coating layer.

Provided is a serial-type planar heat-generating heater and a manufacturing method thereof. In particular, the present invention relates to a serial-type planar heat-generating heater, which is capable of maximizing the effect of heating by minimizing dead zones in which heat is not generated, achieving a maximum power output in a limited area, unlike in a parallel-type heater, and achieving high temperature uniformity in all of heat-generating surfaces of the planar heat-generating heater, is easy to design to control heating performance, and may be manufactured at low costs; and a manufacturing method thereof.

The present application relates to a method for preparing a transparent electrode, the method including a step of forming a thin film by coating a solution containing metal nanowires on a substrate, in which the solution containing the metal nanowires contains a mixed solvent in which a first solvent and a second solvent are mixed, and the first solvent and the second solvent have different surface energies.