The disclosure relates to an electronic control unit (ECU) for a vehicle. The ECU includes a 12V-domain controlling an electric load supplied with a first supply voltage and a 48V-domain controlling an electric load supplied with a second supply voltage. Both domains are arranged on a single printed circuit board (PCB) and are galvanically isolated from each other and connected with each other by a galvanically isolated data interface that transfers data between the domains according to a half-duplex or a full-duplex communication protocol. The 48V-domain includes a 48V-microcontroller and a 48V-power supply supplying the 48V-microcontroller, where the 48V-power supply is powered by the first supply voltage from the 12V-domain via a galvanically isolated supply interface.

A voltage regulator module includes a circuit board, a first component and a switching circuit assembly. The circuit board includes a first surface, a second surface, a concave structure and a contact pad. The first surface and the second surface are opposed to each other. The concave structure is disposed in the circuit board and concavely formed on the second surface. The contact pad is formed on the second surface and served as at least one of a positive output terminal, a negative output terminal and a positive input terminal. The concave structure and the contact pad are misaligned to each other. The first component is at least partly disposed within the concave structure. The switching circuit assembly is disposed on the first surface and electrically connected with the contact pad and the first component.

A battery module includes a housing, a plurality of battery cells disposed in the housing, and a printed circuit board (PCB) assembly disposed in the housing. The PCB assembly includes a PCB and a shunt disposed across a first surface of the PCB. A second surface of the shunt directly contacts the first surface of the PCB, and the shunt is electrically coupled between the battery cells and a terminal of the battery module.

An example sensor interposer employing castellated through-vias formed in a PCB includes a planar substrate defining a plurality of castellated through-vias; a first electrical contact formed on the planar substrate and electrically coupled to a first castellated through-via; a second electrical contact formed on the planar substrate and electrically coupled to a second castellated through-via, the second castellated through-via electrically isolated from the first castellated through-via; and a guard trace formed on the planar substrate, the guard trace having a first portion formed on a first surface of the planar substrate and electrically coupling a third castellated through-via to a fourth castellated through-via, the guard trace having a second portion formed on a second surface of the planar substrate and electrically coupling the third castellated through-via to the fourth castellated through-via, the guard trace formed between the first and second electrical contacts to provide electrical isolation between the first and second electrical contacts.

An interposer for a processor includes: an electrically insulating material having a first main side and a second main side opposite the first main side; an electrical interface for a processor substrate at the first main side of the electrically insulating material; and a power device module embedded in the electrically insulating material and configured to convert a voltage provided at the second main side of the electrically insulating material to a lower voltage. The power device module has at least one contact configured to receive the voltage provided at the second main side of the electrically insulating material. Distribution circuitry embedded in the electrically insulating material is configured to carry the lower voltage provided by the power device module to the first main side of the electrically insulating material.

A voltage regulator module includes a circuit board, a positive input terminal, a negative input terminal, a positive output terminal, a negative output terminal, a switching circuit, a magnetic element and an input capacitor. The switching circuit is disposed on a top surface of the circuit board, and comprises two switches connected in series to form a midpoint, wherein the switching circuit is connected to the positive input terminal. The magnetic element comprises a magnetic core and a conductive structure in the circuit board, wherein the magnetic element and the switching circuit are arranged on the circuit board along a first direction, the conductive structure is connected to the midpoint of the corresponding switching circuit and the positive output terminal. The input capacitor is connected to the positive input terminal and the negative input terminal, and disposed on a bottom surface of the circuit board.

A power module includes a printed circuit board, a magnetic element, a secondary side switching circuit and at least two groups of external terminals. The magnetic element is disposed on the printed circuit board. The magnetic element includes at least one primary winding and plural secondary windings. The secondary side switching circuit includes a plurality of secondary switching units. Each secondary switching unit includes a plurality of switches connected in parallel. The switches of each secondary switching unit are evenly distributed on a first surface and a second surface of the printed circuit board. The switches of the secondary switching unit on the first surface and the second surface of the printed circuit board are at least partially overlapped with each other. The at least two groups of external terminals are disposed on the second surface of the printed circuit board, and electrically connected with the secondary side switching circuit.

An electronic module, such as a VRM, has a power inductor and power wave pins disposed on a bottom surface of a circuit board so as to reduce the size and increase the heat dissipation capability of the VRM.

A substrate for a medical device, a portion of which is brought into contact with or inserted into a subject. The substrate includes a patient circuit conductively connected to the portion that is configured to be brought into contact with or inserted into the subject, and a ground-side circuit configured to perform at least one of transmission of a signal, reception of a signal, and supply of electric power on the patient circuit. The ground-side circuit is grounded by a protective ground to ensure safety of a manipulator of the medical device. The substrate also includes an insulating layer between the patient circuit and the ground-side circuit providing insulation between the patient circuit and the ground-side circuit, and an isolated circuit provided apart from the patient circuit and the ground-side circuit on the insulating layer and having a different reference potential from the patient circuit and the ground-side circuit.

A bus bar including a first end comprising a first material and a second end comprising a second material and a method of manufacture are provided. The first end is designed to be coupled to a terminal of a first battery cell of a battery module and includes a first collar disposed on the first end designed to receive and surround the terminal of the first battery cell of the battery module. The second end is designed to be coupled to a terminal of a second battery cell of the battery module and includes a second collar disposed on the second end designed to receive and surround the terminal of the second battery of the battery module. The first and second batteries of the battery module are adjacent to one another. Moreover, the bus bar includes a joint electrically and mechanically coupling the first end and the second end.