A novel light-emitting device is provided. Alternatively, a light-emitting device with favorable emission efficiency is provided. Alternatively, a light-emitting device with a favorable lifetime is provided. Alternatively, a light-emitting device with a low driving voltage is provided. Provided is a light-emitting device including an anode, a cathode, and a layer including an organic compound that is positioned between the anode and the cathode, in which the layer including the organic compound includes a first layer, a second layer, and a light-emitting layer in this order from the anode side, the first layer includes a first substance and a second substance, the second layer includes a third substance, the first substance is an organic compound a HOMO level of which is higher than or equal to −5.8 eV and lower than or equal to −5.4 eV, the second substance is a substance that has an electron-acceptor property with respect to the first substance, and the third substance is an organic compound having a structure in which at least two substituents comprising carbazole rings are bonded to a naphthalene ring.

Disclosed herein are light emitting device that emit highly circularly polarized light. These devices may be used to form a dot-matrix display or an electronic information display comprised of a series of photopolymerizable, chiral liquid crystalline layers that can be solvent cast on a substrate. The mixture of chiral materials in each successive layer may be blended in such a way that each layer has the same chiral pitch and may also be blended so that the ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices in each layer match the other layers such that the complete assembly of layers will optically function as a single relatively thick layer or chiral liquid crystal. The chiral nematic material in each layer can spontaneously adopt a helical structure with a helical pitch. Further disclosed are pixel structures that not only emit light with brightness and chromaticity information, but also depth of focus information as well.

Disclosed herein are light emitting device that emit highly circularly polarized light. These devices may be used to form a dot-matrix display or an electronic information display comprised of a series of photopolymerizable, chiral liquid crystalline layers that can be solvent cast on a substrate. The mixture of chiral materials in each successive layer may be blended in such a way that each layer has the same chiral pitch and may also be blended so that the ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices in each layer match the other layers such that the complete assembly of layers will optically function as a single relatively thick layer or chiral liquid crystal. The chiral nematic material in each layer can spontaneously adopt a helical structure with a helical pitch. Further disclosed are pixel structures that not only emit light with brightness and chromaticity information, but also depth of focus information as well.

The present invention relates to a process for preparation of an electrically doped semiconducting material comprising a [3]-radialene p-dopant or for preparation of an electronic device containing a layer comprising a [3]-radialene p-dopant, the process comprising the steps: (i) loading an evaporation source with the [3]-radialene p-dopant; and (ii) evaporating the [3]-radialene p-dopant at an elevated temperature and at a reduced pressure, wherein the [3]-radialene p-dopant is selected from compounds having a structure according to formula (I) wherein A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are independently aryl- or heteroaryl-substituted cyanomethylidene groups, the aryl and/or heteroaryl is selected independently in A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 from 4-cyano-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorphenyl,2,3,5,6-tetrafluorpyridine-4-yl, 4-trifluormethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorphenyl, 2,4-bis(trifluormethyl)-3,5,6-trifluorphenyl, 2,5-bis(trifluormethyl)-3,4,6-trifluorphenyl, 2,4,6-tris(trifluormethyl)-1,3-diazine-5-yl, 3,4-dicyano-2,5,6-trifluorphenyl, 2-cyano-3,5,6-trifluorpyridine-4-yl, 2-trifluormethyl-3,5,6-trifluorpyridine-4-yl, 2,5,6-trifluor-1,3-diazine-4-yl and 3-trifluormethyl-4-cyano-2,5,6-trifluophenyl), and at least one aryl or heteroaryl is 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorpirydine-4-yl, 2,4-bis(trifluormethyl)-3,5,6-trifluorphenyl, 2,5-bis(trifluormethyl)-3,4,6-trifluorphenyl, 2,4,6-tris(trifluormethyl)-1,3-diazine-5-yl, 3,4-dicyano-2,5,6-trifluorphenyl, 2-cyano-3,5,6-trifluorpyridine-4-yl, 2-trifluormethyl-3,5,6-trifluorphenyl, provided that the heteroaryl in both A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 cannot be 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorpyridine-4-yl at the same time, respective [3]-radialene compounds, and semiconducting materials and layer, and electronic devices comprising said compounds.

##STR00001##

An organic electroluminescence device having RGB pixel areas, wherein optical compensation layers (10, 11) are respectively arranged between the red light emitting layer (4) and the first organic functional layer (12) as well as between the green light emitting layer (5) and the first organic functional layer (12), the optical compensation layers (10, 11) are made of a first hole transport material and a second hole transport material, the first hole transport material has a triplet-state energy level≧2.48 eV and a HOMO energy level≦−5.5 eV, the second hole transport material has a HOMO energy level≧−5.5 eV, and the difference between the HOMO energy level of the first hole transport material and the HOMO energy level of the second hole transport material is ≦0.2 eV. Its preparation process is simple, and it can significantly reduce power consumption of the light-emitting device so as to increase light-emitting efficiency.

Provided is a composition comprising a compound selected from Structure 1, as described herein:

##STR00001##

A heterocyclic compound and an organic light-emitting device including the same are provided. The heterocyclic compound is represented by Formula 1:

##STR00001##

Details of R1, R2, R3, X1, L1, and a1 and b1 are provided in the disclosure.

An organic light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, and an organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, the organic layer including an emission layer, a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer, and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, wherein the electron transport region includes a first layer that includes a metal oxide and a metal halide, and wherein the first layer is not in direct contact with the emission layer.

A light-emitting device includes a light-emitting layer. The light-emitting layer includes a host material. The host material includes a p-type material and an n-type material. The p-type material and the n-type material are configured to form an exciplex. An absolute value of a difference between a wavelength corresponding to a peak of a normalized fluorescence emission spectrum of the exciplex and a wavelength corresponding to a peak of a normalized fluorescence emission spectrum of the n-type material being less than or equal to 5 nm.

Light-emitting devices comprising light-emitting diodes are described herein. These devices may include a substrate, a reflective anode, a hole-injection layer, a hole-transport layer, an emissive component, an electron-transport layer, a cathode, an enhancement layer, and a light-scattering layer. The emissive component may include first and second fluorescent light-emitting layers with an intervening phosphorescent light-emitting layer or first and second phosphorescent light-emitting layers with an intervening fluorescent light-emitting layer.