Porous silicon and methods for preparation and use of the same are disclosed. The porous silicon materials have utility either alone or in combination with other materials, for example, combined with carbon particles for energy storage applications.

A compound containing at least one species of formula (I):

##STR00001## where: A.sup.x is an anion of valency x equal to 1 or 2 chosen from sulfonate, sulfonylimide of SO.sub.2N.sup.SO.sub.2C.sub.yF.sub.2y+1 type with y being an integer between 0 and 4; borate, borane, phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate, silicate, carbonate, sulfide, selenate, nitrate and perchlorate anions; C.sup.x+ is a counter-cation of the anion A.sup.x, chosen from a proton H.sup.+ and alkali metal and alkaline-earth metal cations; p is an integer ranging from 1 to 10; E is an organic spacer comprising a linear sequence of at least two covalent bonds; n is an integer greater than or equal to 2; and G represents: (a) a group

##STR00002## or (b) a group

##STR00003## the anion A.sup.x being covalently bonded to the polycyclic group Ar.

Porous silicon and methods for preparation and use of the same are disclosed. The porous silicon materials have utility either alone or in combination with other materials, for example, combined with carbon particles for energy storage applications.

Porous silicon and methods for preparation and use of the same are disclosed. The porous silicon materials have utility either alone or in combination with other materials, for example, combined with carbon particles for energy storage applications.

To provide a simple method whereby an ionic polymer membrane having a high ion exchange capacity and a low water uptake can be produced by converting a SO.sub.2F group in a polymer to a pendant group having multiple ion exchange groups, while preventing a cross-linking reaction. At the time of obtaining an ionic polymer membrane by converting SO.sub.2F (group (1)) in a polymer sequentially to SO.sub.2NZ.sup.1Z.sup.2 (group (2)), SO.sub.2N.sup.(M.sub..sup.+)SO.sub.2(CF.sub.2).sub.2SO.sub.2F (group (3)), SO.sub.2N.sup.(H.sup.+)SO.sub.2(CF.sub.2).sub.2SO.sub.2F (group (4)) and SO.sub.2N.sup.(M.sub..sup.+)SO.sub.2(CF.sub.2).sub.2SO.sub.3.sup.M.sub..sup.+ (group (5)), the polymer is formed into a polymer membrane in the state of any one of the groups (1) to (4), and the polymer membrane is thermally treated in the state of group (4). Here, Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are hydrogen atoms, etc., M.sub..sup.+ is a monovalent cation, and M.sub..sup.+ is a hydrogen ion or a monovalent cation.

To provide a simple method whereby an ionic polymer membrane having a high ion exchange capacity and a low water uptake can be produced by converting a SO.sub.2F group in a polymer to a pendant group having multiple ion exchange groups, while preventing a cross-linking reaction. At the time of obtaining an ionic polymer membrane by converting SO.sub.2F (group (1)) in a polymer sequentially to SO.sub.2NZ.sup.1Z.sup.2 (group (2)), SO.sub.2N.sup.(M.sub..sup.+)SO.sub.2(CF.sub.2).sub.2SO.sub.2F (group (3)), SO.sub.2N.sup.(H.sup.+)SO.sub.2(CF.sub.2).sub.2SO.sub.2F (group (4)) and SO.sub.2N.sup.(M.sub..sup.+)SO.sub.2(CF.sub.2).sub.2SO.sub.3.sup.M.sub..sup.+ (group (5)), the polymer is formed into a polymer membrane in the state of any one of the groups (1) to (4), and the polymer membrane is thermally treated in the state of group (4). Here, Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are hydrogen atoms, etc., M.sub..sup.+ is a monovalent cation, and M.sub..sup.+ is a hydrogen ion or a monovalent cation.

A cation exchange resin having improved chemical properties and mechanical properties, and a cation exchange membrane and an electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell using the same are provided.

A cation exchange resin is used, the cation exchange resin comprising: a divalent hydrophobic unit; and a divalent hydrophilic unit having divalent hydrophilic groups which are repeated via carbon-carbon bond, the divalent hydrophilic groups being composed of one aromatic ring, or being composed of a plurality of aromatic rings which are bonded to each other via a divalent hydrocarbon group, a divalent silicon-containing group, a divalent nitrogen-containing group, a divalent phosphorus-containing group, a divalent oxygen-containing group, a divalent sulfur-containing group, or carbon-carbon bond, at least one of the aromatic rings having a cation exchange group; wherein the hydrophobic unit and the hydrophilic unit are bonded to each other via carbon-carbon bond.

A display device comprising a radiation source and a glazing unit is disclosed. The glazing unit comprises a glazing function substrate and a coating that prevents reflection of incident monochromatic laser radiation emitted by the radiation source, which scans a portion of the gazing unit. The coating comprises a stack of two layers, namely, a first layer made of a material based on zinc oxide, tin oxide, silicon nitride, zinc tin oxide or zirconium silicon oxide; and a second layer made of a material based on a silicon oxide, in which the respective geometric thicknesses Ep.sub.1 and Ep.sub.2 of the layers are substantially equal to:
Ep.sub.1=26+0.07(?)?0.007(?).sup.2(1)
Ep.sub.2=83?0.1(?)+0.01(?).sup.2(2), in which ? is the mean angle of orientation of incident monochromatic laser radiation to the normal to the glazing unit in the scanned portion thereof.

A display device comprising a radiation source and a glazing unit is disclosed. The glazing unit comprises a glazing function substrate and a coating that prevents reflection of incident monochromatic laser radiation emitted by the radiation source, which scans a portion of the gazing unit. The coating comprises a stack of two layers, namely, a first layer made of a material based on zinc oxide, tin oxide, silicon nitride, zinc tin oxide or zirconium silicon oxide; and a second layer made of a material based on a silicon oxide, in which the respective geometric thicknesses Ep.sub.1 and Ep.sub.2 of the layers are substantially equal to:
Ep.sub.1=26+0.07(?)?0.007(?).sup.2(1)
Ep.sub.2=83?0.1(?)+0.01(?).sup.2(2), in which ? is the mean angle of orientation of incident monochromatic laser radiation to the normal to the glazing unit in the scanned portion thereof.

A polymer electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell includes a cross-linking polymer in which a polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane (POSS) is cross-linked with a hydrocarbon-based polymer and a membrane-electrode assembly for a fuel cell includes the polymer electrolyte membrane.