Provided is, for example, an arithmetic coding device capable of coding, at high speed, a symbol sequence including a context symbol and a bypass symbol. The arithmetic coding device updates an occurrence probability of a context symbol for a symbol sequence including the context symbol and a bypass symbol; updates a numerical range for the symbol sequence based on the updated occurrence probability; updates the updated numerical range based on a predetermined probability, the numerical range being a basis of an arithmetic code, the numerical range being updated in accordance with the occurrence probability of the context symbol and the predetermined probability for the bypass symbol; and generates an arithmetic code of the symbol sequence based on the updated numerical range in accordance with a procedure of generating the arithmetic code.

An arithmetic encoder is provided for converting an event sequence comprised of a plurality of events to an information sequence comprised of at least one information piece, and includes a core engine for receiving an event of the event sequence, and a probability estimate from a probability estimator, and generating zero or more pieces of the information sequence responsive to the received event and the probability estimate by bounding the ratio of events to information pieces. An arithmetic encoder is provided that is capable of constraining a number of events in at least one event sequence as a function of the number of generated information pieces in at least one information sequence. An arithmetic decoder is provided for converting an information sequence comprised of at least one information piece to an event sequence comprised of a plurality of events, and includes a core engine for processing at least one information piece of the information sequence from the sequencer responsive to a probability estimate received from a probability estimator to generate at least one event by accounting for a bounded ratio of events to information pieces in the information sequence.

An entropy encoder includes a binarizer, a bin buffer, a plurality of bin encoding circuits and a bit generator. The binarizer generates a plurality of bin values based on a plurality of syntax elements. The bin buffer sequentially stores the plurality of bin values, and outputs at least some of the plurality of bin values based on a storing condition of the bin buffer. The plurality of bin encoding circuits performs an encoding operation on a single bin value based on a single context value when the bin buffer outputs the single bin value, and perform a multi-bin encoding operation on two or more bin values based on two or more context values when the bin buffer outputs the two or more bin values. The bit generator generates a bit stream based on bit values output from the plurality of bin encoding circuits.

A receiver includes: a filter circuit to generate predicted measurements for a set of tracks based on previous kinematic states of the tracks and timing and source data of next compressed measurements associated to the tracks, generate probability data of differences between the predicted measurements and next measurement data, generate the next measurement data using the predicted measurements and quantized differences between the predicted measurements and the next measurement data, and generate next kinematic states of the tracks based on the previous kinematic states, the timing and source data of the next compressed measurements, and the generated measurement data; a quantizer circuit to quantize the probability data into quantization tables and look up the quantized differences from corresponding indices in the quantization tables; and a decoder circuit to decode encoded index data of the next compressed measurements into the corresponding indices in the quantization tables using the quantized probability data.

Image data having ultra-high definition at a high frame rate is processed to obtain image data, having a basic format, from which an image having high definition at a basic frame rate is to be obtained, image rate, having a first enhancement format, from which an image having high definition at a high frame rate is to be obtained, image data, having a second enhancement format, from which an image having ultra-high definition at a basic frame rate is to be obtained, and image data, having a third enhancement format, from which an image having ultra-high definition at a high frame rate is to be obtained. A basic video stream containing an encoded image data of the image data having the basic format, and a predetermined number of enhancement video streams containing the encoded image data of the image data having the first, second, and third enhancement formats are produced.

An encoder includes processing circuitry, a block memory, and a frame memory. The processing circuitry defines at least one parameter for each of plural types of segment_ids, splits an image into blocks, assigns, to each of the blocks, segment_id according to a type of the block, among the plural types of segment_ids, and sequentially encodes the blocks. In encoding the blocks, the processing circuitry identifies segment_id of a current block to be encoded, and encodes the current block using the at least one parameter defined for identified segment_id. The at least one parameter includes seg_context_idx for identifying probability information associated with context used in context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC).

An audio encoder for encoding segments of coefficients, the segments of coefficients representing different time or frequency resolutions of a sampled audio signal, the audio encoder including a processor for deriving a coding context for a currently encoded coefficient of a current segment based on a previously encoded coefficient of a previous segment, the previously encoded coefficient representing a different time or frequency resolution than the currently encoded coefficient. The audio encoder further includes an entropy encoder for entropy encoding the current coefficient based on the coding context to obtain an encoded audio stream.

An audio encoder for encoding segments of coefficients, the segments of coefficients representing different time or frequency resolutions of a sampled audio signal, the audio encoder including a processor for deriving a coding context for a currently encoded coefficient of a current segment based on a previously encoded coefficient of a previous segment, the previously encoded coefficient representing a different time or frequency resolution than the currently encoded coefficient. The audio encoder further includes an entropy encoder for entropy encoding the current coefficient based on the coding context to obtain an encoded audio stream.

An audio encoder for encoding segments of coefficients, the segments of coefficients representing different time or frequency resolutions of a sampled audio signal, the audio encoder including a processor for deriving a coding context for a currently encoded coefficient of a current segment based on a previously encoded coefficient of a previous segment, the previously encoded coefficient representing a different time or frequency resolution than the currently encoded coefficient. The audio encoder further includes an entropy encoder for entropy encoding the current coefficient based on the coding context to obtain an encoded audio stream.

Methods and apparatus are provided for improved entropy encoding and decoding. An apparatus includes a video encoder (200) for encoding at least a block in a picture by transforming a residue of the block to obtain transform coefficients, quantizing the transform coefficients to obtain quantized transform coefficients, and entropy coding the quantized transform coefficients. The quantized transform coefficients are encoded using a flag to indicate that a current one of the quantized transform coefficients being processed is a last non-zero coefficient for the block having a value greater than or equal to a specified value.