Empirically modulated antenna systems and related methods are disclosed herein. An empirically modulated antenna system includes an antenna and a controller programmed to control the antenna. The antenna includes a plurality of discrete scattering elements arranged in a one- or two-dimensional arrangement. A method includes modulating operational states of at least a portion of a plurality of discrete scattering elements of the antenna in a plurality of different modulation patterns. The plurality of different modulation patterns includes different permutations of the discrete scattering elements operating in different operational states. The method also includes evaluating a performance parameter of the antenna responsive to the plurality of different empirical one- or two-dimensional modulation patterns. The method further includes operating the antenna in one of the plurality of different one- or two-dimensional empirical modulation patterns selected based, at least in part, on the performance parameter.

Empirically modulated antenna systems and related methods are disclosed herein. An empirically modulated antenna system includes an antenna and a controller programmed to control the antenna. The antenna includes a plurality of discrete scattering elements arranged in a one- or two-dimensional arrangement. A method includes modulating operational states of at least a portion of a plurality of discrete scattering elements of the antenna in a plurality of different modulation patterns. The plurality of different modulation patterns includes different permutations of the discrete scattering elements operating in different operational states. The method also includes evaluating a performance parameter of the antenna responsive to the plurality of different empirical one- or two-dimensional modulation patterns. The method further includes operating the antenna in one of the plurality of different one- or two-dimensional empirical modulation patterns selected based, at least in part, on the performance parameter.

Tropospheric ducting can cause interference to a wireless telecommunications network from a remote source that would not normally cause such interference to the network. Interference from tropospheric ducting can be determined by analyzing tropospheric ducting factors which, individually or in combination, indicate interference from tropospheric ducting. Future tropospheric ducting interference events can be predicted using forecast data and data from past events.

Tropospheric ducting can cause interference to a wireless telecommunications network from a remote source that would not normally cause such interference to the network. Interference from tropospheric ducting can be determined by analyzing tropospheric ducting factors which, individually or in combination, indicate interference from tropospheric ducting. Future tropospheric ducting interference events can be predicted using forecast data and data from past events.

A method and system for providing a cooperative spectrum sharing model that jointly optimizes primary user equipment parameters for improved frequency agility and performance while mitigating mutual interference between the primary user equipment and secondary user equipment. Spectrum sensing is implemented to form a power spectral estimate of the electromagnetic environment (EME) and apply multi-objective optimization to adjust the operational parameters of the primary user equipment to mitigate interference.

A method and system for providing a cooperative spectrum sharing model that jointly optimizes primary user equipment parameters for improved frequency agility and performance while mitigating mutual interference between the primary user equipment and secondary user equipment. Spectrum sensing is implemented to form a power spectral estimate of the electromagnetic environment (EME) and apply multi-objective optimization to adjust the operational parameters of the primary user equipment to mitigate interference.

An MBS (master base station), UE (user equipment) and method operate using dual connectivity where the UE is connected to an MBS and a SBS (secondary base station). Capability information is transmitted to the MBS by the UE and indicates whether the UE supports a SCG (Secondary Cell Group) bearer and whether the UE supports a split bearer split in a PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) layer of the MBS. The UE receives from the MBS a message configuring, but not simultaneously configuring, either the SCG bearer or the split bearer to the UE. Radio protocols of the SCG bearer are only located in the SBS, and radio protocols of the split bearer are located in both the MBS and the SBS. One split path of the split bearer goes via the SBS and another split path of the split bearer goes via the MBS and not via the SBS.

An MBS (master base station), UE (user equipment) and method operate using dual connectivity where the UE is connected to an MBS and a SBS (secondary base station). Capability information is transmitted to the MBS by the UE and indicates whether the UE supports a SCG (Secondary Cell Group) bearer and whether the UE supports a split bearer split in a PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) layer of the MBS. The UE receives from the MBS a message configuring, but not simultaneously configuring, either the SCG bearer or the split bearer to the UE. Radio protocols of the SCG bearer are only located in the SBS, and radio protocols of the split bearer are located in both the MBS and the SBS. One split path of the split bearer goes via the SBS and another split path of the split bearer goes via the MBS and not via the SBS.

A method for minimizing a time domain mean square error (MSE) of channel estimation (CE) includes estimating, by a processor, a power delay profile (PDP) from a time domain observation of reference signal (RS) channels; estimating, by the processor, a noise variance of the RS channels; and determining, by the processor, a first arrival path (FAP) value and a delay spread estimation (DSE) value based on the estimated PDP and the estimated noise variance for minimizing the MSE of CE.

A method for minimizing a time domain mean square error (MSE) of channel estimation (CE) includes estimating, by a processor, a power delay profile (PDP) from a time domain observation of reference signal (RS) channels; estimating, by the processor, a noise variance of the RS channels; and determining, by the processor, a first arrival path (FAP) value and a delay spread estimation (DSE) value based on the estimated PDP and the estimated noise variance for minimizing the MSE of CE.