An electronic equipment, a user equipment, a wireless communication method, and a storage medium, the electronic equipment comprising a processing circuit and being configured to: receive from a user equipment a random access request message that is expected to access a satellite equipment; and in response to the random access request message, send to the user equipment the advance in timing between the user equipment and the satellite equipment to be accessed. By using said electronic equipment, user equipment, wireless communication method, and storage medium, a user equipment in a satellite communication system may more quickly and efficiently acquire control information relating to uplink transmission.

The invention relates to a solution for determining an allowable round trip time for a communication between a base station and a terminal device served by the base station in an asynchronous communication system, At least some aspects of the solution relate to a method performed by a controller, the method comprises: determining round trip times of terminal devices served by the base station; selecting a maximum round trip time among the determined round trip times of the terminal devices served by the base station as the allowable round trip time; and delivering the selected allowable round trip time to the base station. The solution also relates to applying the determined round trip time by a base station and a terminal device as well as to a system comprising the mentioned entities and to computer program products.

There is provided an apparatus, said apparatus comprising means for determining which of at least two lower layer radio units co-located at a first location, each lower layer radio unit associated with a higher layer radio unit, has a best path to the associated higher layer radio unit and causing the transmit power of the determined one of the at least two lower layer radio units received at a user equipment to be higher relative to the transmit power of any of the other of the at least two lower layer radio units received at the user equipment.

The present disclosure proposes schemes, techniques, designs and methods pertaining to transmission and reception of random access preambles to aid integration of terrestrial mobile network communication and non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication. The design of a proposed preamble is suitable for terrestrial mobile networks and for transmission scenarios with Doppler frequency shift and long propagation delay in NTN communications. The structure of the proposed preamble is used in random access of terrestrial and NTNs. The structure of the preamble can be modified based on the preamble design used for terrestrial network communication, so that it can be used in the random access of NTNs.

In a radio system including: a plurality of transmitting station devices; a receiving relay station device for relaying radio signals transmitted by the transmitting station devices; and a receiving station device for receiving the radio signals relayed by the receiving relay station device, with a first transmission capacity between the receiving relay station device and the receiving station device varying, the receiving relay station device performs control to cause the transmitting station devices to transmit the radio signals if the first transmission capacity is greater than or equal to a predetermined value. With this configuration, a lack of information can be prevented even if the transmission capacity between the receiving relay station device and the receiving station device varies.

The embodiments herein provide a system and method for integrated optimization of design and performance of satellite constellations. The present disclosure provides a method for optimization of design and performance of satellite constellation to provide internet connectivity at preset geographic regions. In current methods, the optimizations of subsystems are performed independently and the results are combined, resulting in a loss of overall optimality. The present disclosure defines the relationships between subsystems such that integrity of complete design is tested with fewer complexities and provides an integrated optimization framework, in which every subsystem is optimized individually and collectively. The present disclosure provides a method for optimization of power subsystem of satellites by determining the pattern of payload operation and need for peak power. The present disclosure also provides a method to minimize the number of satellites required in constellations by carefully regulating spot beams formed by individual satellites in constellations.

A method and a communication apparatus for determining a timing advance. A downlink signal is received from a network device. A first reference moment of a signal period of the downlink signal is determined, where the first reference moment includes a start receiving moment of the signal period. A first time interval between the start receiving moment and a start moment of a first period in which the terminal is located is determined. Based on the first time interval, determining whether a start sending moment of the signal period is within the first period, and determining the start sending moment, where a period is a duration distributed at an equal interval on a time axis. A timing advance is determined based on the start receiving moment and the start sending moment, and an uplink signal is sent based on the timing advance.

A user terminal and a method of using the user terminal disclosed. The method may comprise: storing, at a user terminal (UT), a dataset that comprises a plurality of elements, wherein each of the plurality of elements is associated with a unique predetermined terrestrial location; using the dataset, determining an element (E.sub.k) from among the plurality of elements based on a proximity of the UT to the respective unique, predetermined terrestrial location of the element (E.sub.k); and then determining one of the plurality of satellite beams with which to utilize satellite communication.

A first offset compensator configured to compensate for frequency offsets occurring during communications between a plurality of communication devices and a relay device, wherein when the first offset compensator is provided on the relay device, the first offset compensator gives a statistical frequency offset obtained from a statistic of a plurality of frequency offsets occurring during communications between respective ones of the plurality of communication devices and the relay device to a receiver configured to receive wireless signals transmitted from respective ones of the plurality of communication devices, and when the first offset compensator is provided on each of the plurality of communication devices, the first offset compensator gives a frequency offset occurring during communications between the communication device provided with the first offset compensator and the relay device to a transmitter configured to transmit wireless signals to the relay device.

Systems, methods and devices for implementing cryptographic and security-in-depth techniques on-board spacecrafts or satellites are provided, to allow users to task activities or retrieve satellite data from the satellite system in an anonymous, secure, safe, and private manner, such that no other user sharing the satellite system resources can know what has been tasked or transmitted to the ground. Considerable advantages can be realized by providing spacecraft or satellite systems with a substantial capacity of applying security-in-depth and cryptographic techniques and protocols to data and requests, based on autonomous tasking, allowing a secure, safe and private use of spacecraft or satellite resources.