A method performed by a first network node serving a first terminal when handling a call between the first terminal and a second terminal is provided. The first network node determines that the call is associated with longer than expected delays between the first and second terminals. The network node provides a Long Delay Indication to at least one of said first and second terminals to indicate said longer than expected delays in the call.

A system and method for interfacing a User Equipment (UE) to a Core Network (CN) is disclosed. The method including: providing a high latency connection; providing a satellite network portal (SNP) to connect to the UE via a satellite link, wherein the SNP includes a Media Access Control (MAC) layer for managing the satellite link and a Radio Layer Control (RLC) layer of the UE; interfacing the UE to the CN with a Point of Presence (POP) including a Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer of the UE and a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer of the UE; and establishing a session between the CN and the UE via the RRC layer, the PDCP layer and the RLC layer. In the method, network traffic, between the SNP and the POP, over the high latency connection has a latency greater than 10 milliseconds (ms), the session does not timeout due to the latency of the high latency connection, and the MAC layer schedules bandwidth for the establishing over the satellite link.

Various example embodiments relate to methods, devices and systems that support flexible uplink resource request. A terminal device may comprise at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code may be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the terminal device to perform actions including triggering a buffer status report (BSR) by uplink data arrival on a logical channel, and selectively triggering one or both of a scheduling request (SR) procedure and a random access (RA) procedure based on a predetermined condition for transmission of the triggered buffer status report.

Handover is provided between a moving satellite terminal communicating via satellite with a destination node in a terrestrial network. Internet connectivity is provided between the satellite terminal and the destination node via an access gateway function (AGF). Embodiments provide transfer of an active PDU session such as voice or streaming over the internet protocol (IP) between a source AGF and a target AGF. Embodiments enable an AGF to understand when it needs to handover, where it needs to handover to and the protocol messages to achieve the handover.

A method for determining satellite frequency bands includes: determining at least one first frequency band available for a land communication system in a current region; and determining on the basis of the at least one first frequency band, at least one second frequency band available for a satellite communication system in the current region.

The present disclosure relates, in part, to non-terrestrial communication systems, and in some embodiments to the integration of terrestrial and non-terrestrial communication systems. Non-terrestrial communication systems can provide a more flexible communication system with extended wireless coverage range and enhanced service quality compared to conventional communication systems. A method representative of aspects of the present application includes receiving, by an apparatus connected in a first sub-system, from a radio access network, configuration information for performing a channel condition measurement on a second sub-system, reporting, by the apparatus to the radio access network, channel condition measurement of a downlink reference signal received from the second sub-system, transmitting, by the apparatus, a wireless transmission to the second sub-system responsive to the channel condition measurement meeting a predefined condition.

The disclosure relates in some aspects to managing paging area information for a user terminal (UT) and connection signaling. In some aspects, paging area information is provided for an idle UT by defining a default paging area code (PAC) that is known by the network and the UT. In some aspects, paging area information is communicated via connection signaling. In some aspects, connection signaling may be used to force a UT to invoke an update procedure (e.g., a reconnection).

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a device for detecting a zone of communication between a user terminal and a satellite constellation including a plurality of satellites in non-geosynchronous (non-GEO) orbit includes one or more processors and memory. The memory stores instructions that, as a result of being executed by the one or more processors, cause the device to: determine a location of the device, wherein the location corresponds to a field of regard for detecting the zone of communication, and wherein the field of regard corresponds to an antenna aperture of the phased array antenna; evaluate a level of communication between the phased array antenna and the satellite constellation associated with the field of regard; and output, to a user of the device, an indication of the level of communication between the phased array antenna and the satellite constellation associated with the field of regard.

A UE receives satellite ephemeris information from a server server and calculates one or more satellite parameters for at least one satellite based on the satellite ephemeris information. The UE controls, based on the one or more satellite parameters, operation of a software application that utilizes a data service provided via the at least one satellite. Calculating satellite parameters can include calculating one or more satellite parameters at an API of the UE, and controlling operation of a software application can include receiving, at the API, a request for satellite ephemeris information from the software application, providing, by the API, a representation of the one or more satellite parameters to the software application in response to the request, and adjusting, at the software application, an operation of the software application based on the received representation of the one or more satellite parameters.

An apparatus for use by a communication network control element or function configured to conduct a communication control for a communication with at least one communication element or function in a communication network, the apparatus comprising at least one processing circuitry, and at least one memory for storing instructions to be executed by the processing circuitry, wherein the at least one memory and the instructions are configured to, with the at least one processing circuitry, cause the apparatus at least: to calculate a reception time window in a random access procedure for a communication element or function in at least one communication area controlled by the communication network control element or function, to provide setting information related to a random access procedure to a communication element or function in the at least one communication area, the setting information including an indication of the calculated reception time window and an indication related to a determination of a receiving pattern of the communication element or function in the reception time window, wherein the receiving pattern indicates communication resources being listened by the communication element or function during the reception time window for receiving a response to the random access related signaling, to receive and process a random access related signaling from the communication element or function, to determine, on the basis of a transmission frame in which the random access related signaling is sent by the communication element or function and the calculated reception time window, the receiving pattern of the communication element or function in the reception time window, to transmit, to the communication element or function, the response to the random access related signaling on the basis of the determined receiving pattern so that the response is received in a communication resource listened by the communication element or function.