Aspects and embodiments relate to an apparatus and method for evaluating location of a terrestrial network node in a non-terrestrial network. In particular, one aspect provides an apparatus, comprising means for receiving an indication of propagation delay between a terrestrial network node and a non-terrestrial node in a non-terrestrial wireless communication network; means for receiving an indication of location of the non-terrestrial node; and means for evaluating location of the terrestrial network node in dependence upon the received indication of propagation delay between the terrestrial network node and the non-terrestrial node, and the indication of location of the non-terrestrial node. A further aspect provides a method of evaluating location of a terrestrial network node, and a computer program product operable, when executed on a computer, to perform that method. Aspects and embodiments recognise that having a knowledge of gNB and NTN-GW location in a non-terrestrial network can allow UE to simplify procedures in relation to the updating and tracking of forward link delay. Since it has been agreed that a network will not directly provide the gNB and/or NTN-GW location to UE, due to security and privacy reasons in some countries, apparatus can be configured to perform methods according to which a UE is operable to calculate or obtain information which can assist its ongoing operation and reduce an ongoing need to decode SIB in support of calculation of an appropriate Uplink timing advance (TA) to apply in relation to communications exchanged with a network.

A multi-tenant system is provided for coordinating spectrum allocation of a plurality of high-altitude networks (HANs) so that at least one high-altitude platform (HAP) in one of the plurality of HANs is controlled to avoid interfering with a HAP in at least one other HAN of the plurality of HANs. The multi-tenant system comprises a database including: 1) a first interface, 2) a second interface, 3) at least one service module, and 4) a data storage device. The multi-tenant system further comprises a communication controller coupled to the database, the communication controller configured to control various characteristics of HAPs in their respective HANs and links therebetween based on data maintained in the data storage device of the database. The data includes regulatory and coordination constraints provided via the first interface and non-regulatory and external coordination information provided via the second interface.

Systems and methods for operating a multi-band satellite terminal are disclosed. One aspect disclosed features a method, comprising: controlling a multi-band satellite terminal capable of receiving signals on a plurality of frequency bands to receive a signal transmitted by a satellite on a first frequency band of the plurality of frequency bands; determining link conditions of the first frequency band based on the received signal; generating an estimate of link conditions of a second frequency band of the plurality of frequency bands, wherein the estimate is generated based on the link conditions of the first frequency band; selecting the second frequency band based on the estimate of the link conditions of the second frequency band; and controlling the multi-band satellite ground terminal to receive the signal transmitted by the satellite on the second frequency band.

The present disclosure provides a paging method, a positioning information sending method, a core network node and a base station, and relates to the technical field of communication. The paging method is applied to the core network node in a satellite Internet communication system and comprises the following steps: acquiring the setting mode of the tracking area TA in the satellite Internet communication system; determining the base station for paging the terminal according to the setting mode; and sending a paging message to the base station; wherein the setting mode comprises one of the following setting mode: dividing the satellite Internet communication system one TA; setting at least two fixed TAs; and setting at least two non-fixed TAs.

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A base station may determine a terrestrial characteristic of a cell associated with the base station. A UE may perform a synchronization procedure with the cell and may receive, as part of the synchronization procedure, broadcast signaling associated with the cell. The broadcast signaling may identify the terrestrial characteristic of the cell. The base station may initiate communications with the UE based on the broadcast signaling including the indication of the terrestrial characteristic of the cell.

Facilitating dynamic satellite and mobility convergence for mobility backhaul in advanced networks (e.g., 4G, 5G, 6G and beyond) is provided herein. Operations of a system can comprise determining that a group of user equipment devices are located in a defined geographic area and are consuming more than a defined level of resources of a wireless communications network based on an amount of network traffic received from the group of user equipment devices. The operations also can comprise configuring an integrated network comprising a first group of terrestrial network devices and a second group of satellite network devices. Further, the operations can comprise routing at least a portion of network traffic associated with the group of user equipment devices among the first group of terrestrial network devices and the second group of satellite network devices.

A framework for a 6.sup.th generation (6G) ubiquitous wireless communications network is provided. A system comprises: a memory that stores executable instructions; and a processor, coupled to the memory, that facilitates execution of the executable instructions to perform operations. The operations comprise: obtaining first information associated with a first condition of a terrestrial radio network of terrestrial radio networks from a terrestrial controller that collects the first information from the terrestrial radio networks; determining second information associated with a resource of a satellite network, wherein the satellite network is integrated with the terrestrial radio networks to form an integrated network to which a mobile device connects, wherein a defined application is alternatively executable at the mobile device via any of a group of networks, the group comprising the satellite network and the terrestrial radio networks; and determining whether to re-assign the defined application from the terrestrial radio network to the satellite network based on a result of evaluating at least the first condition.

A radio communication system for transmitting data to a ground station includes plural stochastically distributed orbiting satellites with plural antennas traversing a portion of the earth's surface divided into zones. The ground station has a unique address identifying itself and the zone where it is located. A local area network associated with the ground node includes at least one satellite that stores the identity of a satellite antenna paired with a ground station antenna to form a radio link for transmitting data onboard the satellite to the ground station. Other satellites in the local area network store the ground node address and the identity of an antenna paired with an antenna in another satellite that also has stored the ground node address. A wide area network includes at least one satellite, each of which stores the identity of an antenna paired with an antenna of another satellite that has stored the ground node zone to form at least one inter-satellite radio link. If a satellite with data onboard is not in a local area network associated with the destination ground node or a wide area network, the satellite transmits the data toward the ground node zone.

Systems for communicating data through a satellite are disclosed. The systems generally include a radio designed for terrestrial communications that is configured to uplink data to one or more satellites. The one or more satellites are configured to receive the data from the terrestrial radio. In addition, the systems include terrestrial receivers, such as one or more chirp spread spectrum radios, positioned at ground level, which are configured to receive the data from the one or more satellites.

A method of operating a satellite communications terminal. The method comprises analysing data to be communicated through the satellite communications terminal to identify separate data streams and to determine a data stream parameter characterising each data stream, identifying a plurality of communications links available through the satellite communications terminal comprising a satellite communications link and one or more further communications links, determining a link parameter characterising each available communications link, selecting at least two communications links from the available communications links and establishing or maintaining simultaneous connections to each selected communications link; and transmitting a first data stream through a first selected communications link and transmitting a second data stream through a second selected communications link, wherein the selection of at least two communications links is based on the data stream parameters characterising the first and second data streams and the link parameters characterising the available communications links.