The mill for spice products, in particular such as cinnamon sticks, houses a reservoir for storing the spice product. The reservoir communicates through a passage, with a grinding mechanism. The reservoir includes a mechanism for fragmenting the spice product. The mechanism for fragmenting are defined by a crusher of the spice product.

A receiver is presented, such that the receiver may be configured to receive transmissions in accordance with a continuous waveform and to relock quickly on a received transmission when the transmitter is switched or a change in the waveform parameters is made. The receiver may be configured to support reception of a shared channel and/or of a channel allocated for SCPC usage and may be modified while used (e.g., dynamic SCPC). In addition, a satellite communication system is presented, the satellite communication system comprising at least one receiver in accordance with the above-described receiver. The satellite communication system may be configured to utilize the receiver's characteristics for at least the purpose of achieving a highly efficient return link channel.

A communication method includes receiving, by a first node of a satellite communications network, a stream of terrestrial data packets that are encapsulated in accordance with a predetermined protocol, de-encapsulating, by the first node, the terrestrial data packets to extract user plane context and QoS parameters for a user session in accordance with the predetermined protocol, encapsulating, by the first node, the user plane context within satellite data packets, and transmitting, by the first node, the satellite data packets to a second node of the satellite communications network via a satellite communications link between the first node and the second node by scheduling the satellite data packets using the QoS parameters in accordance with the predetermined protocol.

One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for receiving a sidelink synchronization signal (SLSS) by a terminal in a wireless communication system, comprising the steps of: receiving a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH); determining which of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) or an eNB is to be a synchronization source according to priority information included in the PSBCH; and receiving an SLSS associated with the determined synchronization source, wherein the terminal determines that the priority information is valid only when a public land mobile network (PLMN) associated with the priority information matches a PLMN to which the terminal belongs.

Methods, systems, and apparatuses for providing layer-2 connectivity through a non-routed ground segment network, are described. A system includes a non-autonomous gateway in communication with a satellite configured to relay data packets. The non-autonomous gateway is configured to receive the data packets from the satellite at layer-1 (L1) of the OSI-model, generate a plurality of virtual tagging tuples within the layer-2 packet headers of the plurality of data packets. The non-autonomous gateway is further configured to transmit, at layer-2 (L2) of the OSI-model, the virtually tagged data packets. Each of the packets may include a virtual tagging tuple and an entity destination. The system further includes a L2 switch in communication with the non-autonomous gateway. The L2 switch may be configured to receive the data packets and transmit the data packets to the entity based on the virtual tuples associated with each of the data packets.

A method and a system for transmitting data in a satellite system comprising at least one satellite, a gateway and a user terminal, comprises at least the following steps: transmitting a data content request Rq sent by a user to the gateway, upon receipt of the content of the request Rq, the gateway sends an order to the satellite so that the satellite transmits the content requested by the user to the user, the user acknowledges receipt of all or of at least a portion of this content to the gateway.

Systems and method are disclosed and among these is a method for mitigation of interference local to remote terminals, and it can include detecting reception of a packet having one of the remote terminals as a destination terminal and, in response, selecting a sub-carrier among the sub-carriers that are not identified as receiving local interference at the destination terminal, and loading, into a queue for the selected sub-carrier, a coded data from which a content of the packet can be derived, and transmitting the queued coded data on the selected sub-carrier. Among disclosed features is a receiving of an interference report that carries an information indicative of a new local interference and, in response, updating the data identifying sub-carriers having local interference at the destination terminal.

A method is provided for dynamically allocating the radio resources of a satellite and a very high throughput satellite system configured to implement this method. The method of allocation is executed by a piece of ground equipment called a Radio Resource Manager. The method of allocation according to the invention, allocates dynamically in time frequency resources to each spot of the multibeam coverage in accord with the conditions of propagation of the radio signals (in particular the attenuations due to bad weather) prevailing in the spots, with the current and future spot data traffic profile, with the level of interference generated in the neighbouring beams. The method preferentially applies in respect of downgoing forward links, that is to say from the satellite to the user terminals.

Approaches for ground-based beamforming for a very high throughput wireless communications system employing an airborne platform that generates a beam pattern via a multi-element antenna are provided. A beamformer includes a number of beamforming processors based on a frequency reuse scheme of the communications system. Each beamforming processor processes only the beam signals that are associated with a respective one of the frequencies of the reuse scheme, and thereby generates a component element signal for each of the elements of the array antenna that is associated with the respective frequency of that processor. Each beamforming processor applies a matrix of complex weights that is configured such that a composition of the component element signals for each antenna element facilitates the transmission of the element signals by the airborne platform to produce the beam pattern.

Systems, methods, and apparatus for commercial satellite operations with secure enclave for payload operations are disclosed. In one or more embodiments, the disclosed method comprises generating, by a secure enclave of a host satellite operation center (SOC), hosted commands according to service specifications for at least one hosted user. The method further comprises generating, by a SOC operation portion of the host SOC, host commands according to service specifications for a host user. Also, the method comprises transmitting, by the host SOC, the host commands and the hosted commands to a vehicle. In addition, the method comprises reconfiguring a host/hosted payload on the vehicle according to the host commands and the hosted commands. Additionally, the method comprises generating, by the host/hosted payload, host telemetry and hosted telemetry. Also, the method comprises transmitting, by the vehicle, the host telemetry and the hosted telemetry to the host SOC.