Methods, systems, and apparatuses for providing layer-2 connectivity through a non-routed ground segment network, are described. A system includes a non-autonomous gateway in communication with a satellite configured to relay data packets. The non-autonomous gateway is configured to receive the data packets from the satellite at layer-1 (L1) of the OSI-model, generate a plurality of virtual tagging tuples within the layer-2 packet headers of the plurality of data packets. The non-autonomous gateway is further configured to transmit, at layer-2 (L2) of the OSI-model, the virtually tagged data packets. Each of the packets may include a virtual tagging tuple and an entity destination. The system further includes a L2 switch in communication with the non-autonomous gateway. The L2 switch may be configured to receive the data packets and transmit the data packets to the entity based on the virtual tuples associated with each of the data packets.

The mill for spice products, in particular such as cinnamon sticks, houses a reservoir for storing the spice product. The reservoir communicates through a passage, with a grinding mechanism. The reservoir includes a mechanism for fragmenting the spice product. The mechanism for fragmenting are defined by a crusher of the spice product.

The disclosure relates to technology for assigning resources to user equipment for a beam failure recovery by a base station. The base station identifies a beam failure random access channel (BRACH) resource holding beam correspondence with a synchronization signal (SS) block resource covering the user equipment, and assigns the user equipment one or more BRACH preambles for each BRACH resource assigned to the user equipment, excluding the BRACH resource holding beam correspondence with the SS block resource covering the user equipment.

A scalable signal processing system is disclosed that processes digitized spectrum received from a constellation of satellites (or other sources), extracting multiple digital signals from multiple sources through multiple acquisition sites that is virtualized with high availability. A system of one or more antennas can receive a range of frequencies of raw spectrum covering multiple visible orbit planes, where a single antenna can receive signals from multiple satellite concurrently. This can be particularly useful when establishing a constellation satellites, where a number of satellites can be grouped together within an antenna's field of view. A group of digitizers receive the signals from the antennas and creates raw samples to form a spectrum sample pool. The spectrum sample pool is stored in a raw frame archive, where the digitizers and raw frame archive can be co-located and can also be co-located with one or more of the antennas.

One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for receiving a sidelink synchronization signal (SLSS) by a terminal in a wireless communication system, comprising the steps of: receiving a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH); determining which of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) or an eNB is to be a synchronization source according to priority information included in the PSBCH; and receiving an SLSS associated with the determined synchronization source, wherein the terminal determines that the priority information is valid only when a public land mobile network (PLMN) associated with the priority information matches a PLMN to which the terminal belongs.

A communication method includes receiving, by a first node of a satellite communications network, a stream of terrestrial data packets that are encapsulated in accordance with a predetermined protocol, de-encapsulating, by the first node, the terrestrial data packets to extract user plane context and QoS parameters for a user session in accordance with the predetermined protocol, encapsulating, by the first node, the user plane context within satellite data packets, and transmitting, by the first node, the satellite data packets to a second node of the satellite communications network via a satellite communications link between the first node and the second node by scheduling the satellite data packets using the QoS parameters in accordance with the predetermined protocol.

The present teachings is generally directed to facilitating satellite and terrestrial internet communications. In some embodiments, configuration information for configuring a communications device may be retrieved. The configuration information may be provided to the communications device, and the communications device may be caused to be configured based on the configuration information. Responsive to receiving a first data signal from a first satellite, the communications device may be configured to generate and output a second data signal based on the first data signal, the first data signal including first data encoded using one or more space-based communication protocols, and the second data including second data encoded using one or more terrestrial-based communication protocols.

A system and method for compensating for attenuation of carrier power by a transmission path. The method includes defining a path from a gateway to a measurement tap, where the path may include an output port of the gateway and path components used to reach the measurement tap; sweeping, in bands, an RF spectrum served by the RFT by sending a signal at a respective band and a band power from the output port over the path; measuring, at the measurement tap, a power metric for each of the bands; capturing, for each of the bands, power level (PL) data including a frequency start of the respective band, a frequency end of the respective band, the respective band power and the respective power metric at the measurement tap; and setting a carrier power level (CPL) of a carrier having a frequency start and a frequency end, where the CPL is based on the PL data associated with one more of the bands included in the frequency start and the frequency end, where the path components may include one or more connecting cables, one or more switches, and one or more equipment in the path.

A method and apparatus for supporting communication in a network, such as a satellite mesh network. Network nodes maintain network status awareness for a limited region through flooding notifications. Network nodes may route packets by addressing them to other nodes within the limited region. Notifications of events are propagated not only to nearby nodes whose region includes the event location, but also a certain distance beyond such nearby nodes. This assists in propagating the notifications back toward the nearby nodes, in order to increase the likelihood that each network node maintains required awareness even when network failures occur. A node in receipt of an event notification will adjust its awareness when the node is within a first distance of the event. If the node is within a second, greater distance of the event, the node will refrain from adjusting its awareness but will forward the notification to further nodes.

The invention relates to a method for communicating from a plurality of gateways (10) to a satellite (14) over a set of uplink channels (12) and then towards Earth (22) in a plurality of beams (20). In that context, inter-beam interference mitigation precoding (s40) of signals intended to non-space-based receiver locations (18) is performed. At each gateway (10), precoding weightings are generated (s30) and uplink signals are transmitted (s32) to the satellite (14) in each of the uplink channels (12). At the satellite (14), the uplink signals are received (s34) from the gateways (10) over the uplink channels (12), and, for each uplink signal, a downlink signal (s36) is derived before transmitting (s38) the downlink signals towards Earth (22). In addition, constraints are defined to allow an effective inter-beam mitigation precoding processing. In other words, the method aims at providing system-wide precoding when more than one gateway is used. The invention also relates to a satellite (14), a system (100), and the use of the satellite (14).