Example implementations relate to a method for reconfiguring a network based on network traffic comparison. The first network supports multicast Domain Name Service (mDNS) query with multicast query-response messages. The method includes determining a client type for each client device and a first average packet count for each client type in a first network. The method includes receiving a second average packet count for each corresponding client type from a second network. The second network supports mDNS query with unicast query-response messages. A difference between the first average packet counts and the second average packet counts for corresponding client types is computed. The first network is reconfigured to respond to mDNS query with unicast query-response messages when the difference computed for at least one client type in the first network and each corresponding client type in the second network is above a predefined threshold.

A first cell device obtains, from a second cell device, multicast information associated with the second cell device, where a first wireless coverage area associated with the first cell device at least partially overlaps a second wireless coverage area associated with the second cell device. The first cell device transmits the multicast information to an element management system, and receives, from the element management system, an instruction, generated based at least on the multicast information, to not use one or more subframes, associated with a multicast transmission session associated with the second cell device, to transmit during the multicast transmission session. The first cell device determines, after receiving the instruction, that the multicast transmission session has been initiated, and causes the first cell device to not use the one or more subframes to transmit during the multicast transmission session associated with the second cell device.

Provided in embodiments of the present disclosure are a method and a device for bearing a multicast virtual private network. The method includes: assigning, by a BFIR accessing a VRF, a global VPN identifier to a multicast VRF, and carrying the global VPN identifier to notify a route to a BFER accessing the multicast VRF; after receiving a packet of the multicast VRF, encapsulating, by the BFIR, the packet with a BIER header and forwarding the packet, the forwarded packet carrying the global VPN identifier.

A method includes identifying within a network topology, by an apparatus, a plurality of network devices; and establishing by the apparatus, a multiple tree topology comprising a first multicast tree and a second multicast tree, the first and second multicast trees operable as redundant trees for multicast traffic in the network topology, the establishing including: allocating a first of the network devices as a corresponding root of the first multicast tree, allocating a first group of intermediate devices from the network devices as first forwarding devices in the first multicast tree, allocating a second group of intermediate devices as belonging to first leaf devices in the first multicast tree, and allocating terminal devices of the network devices as belonging to the first leaf devices, and allocating a second of the network devices as the corresponding root of the second multicast tree, allocating the second group of intermediate devices as second forwarding devices in the second multicast tree, allocating the first group of intermediate devices as belonging to second leaf devices in the second multicast tree, and allocating the terminal devices as belonging to the second leaf devices.

This application provides a multicast service implementation method and apparatus. The method includes: receiving, by a first network device, a first unicast join message sent by a second network device, where the first unicast join message is used to request to join a multicast group, a source address of the first unicast join message is an address of the second network device, and a destination address of the first unicast join message is a multicast source address or a rendezvous point (RP) address; and establishing, by the first network device, a tunnel from the first network device to the second network device based on the first unicast join message. The multicast service implementation method and apparatus in embodiments of this application help improve availability of a multicast service.

A packet sending method includes that a first network device receives a first packet from a customer edge (CE) device, where the first packet includes a first Internet Protocol (IP) version 6 (IPv6) header and a first payload, and the first IPv6 header includes a source address (SA) and a destination address (DA); determines, according to an entry, an address identifier corresponding to the SA and the DA, where the entry includes a correspondence between the SA and the DA and the address identifier; updates the first IPv6 header in the first packet to a second IPv6 header to obtain a second packet; encapsulates the second packet using the address identifier to obtain an encapsulated packet, the address identifier is located at an outer layer of the second packet; and sends the encapsulated packet to a second network device.

Methods and systems for using multi-connectivity for multicast transmissions in a communication system. A method disclosed herein includes using multi-connectivity that enables at least one User Equipment (UE) to receive at least one Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) content from the plurality of BSs at a time on different physical resource blocks. The method further includes enabling the plurality of BSs to maintain independent MBMS sessions for transmitting the at least one MBMS content to the at least one UE without synchronization. The method further includes enabling the at least one UE to combine the at least one MBMS content received from the plurality of BSs or to select a MBMS content from the received at least one MBMS content.

Apparatus and associated methods relate to automating building of a software solution for a specific intention that is cooperatively performed by a plurality of computing entities. A broadcasting computing entity broadcasts the specific intention, which includes announcing performance capability of a functional operation by the broadcasting computing entity over a network. One or more listening computing entities listening to such a broadcast then transmit a response to the broadcast. The response includes a subscription to an output of the functional operation. The broadcasting computing entity generates the output of the functional operation and provides the output generated to the one or more listening computing entities. In this way, the broadcasting computing entity advertises services that the broadcasting computing entity can provide, and the listening computing entities can avail themselves of services needed, all in an automated fashion.

A multicast packet transmission method, apparatus, and system, where the method is applied to a multicast ring network and the method includes receiving, by a first network node in the multicast ring network through a first path in a clockwise direction of the multicast ring network, a first multicast packet from a second network node in the multicast ring network, receiving, by the first network node through a second path in an anticlockwise direction of the multicast ring network, a second multicast packet from the second network node, where a payload of the first multicast packet is the same as a payload of the second multicast packet, and forwarding, by the first network node, the first multicast packet or the second multicast packet to at least one multicast destination device connected to the first network node.

An apparatus and method for generating a broadcast signal frame for signaling a time interleaving mode are disclosed. An apparatus for generating broadcast signal frame according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a combiner configured to generate a multiplexed signal by combining a core layer signal and an enhanced layer signal; a power normalizer configured to perform power-normalizing for reducing the power of the multiplexed signal to a power level corresponding to the core layer signal; a time interleaver configured to generate a time-interleaved signal by performing time interleaving after performing the power-normalizing; and a frame builder configured to generate a broadcast signal frame including a preamble for signaling a time interleaving mode corresponding to the time interleaver for each of physical layer pipes (PLPs).