A network device may receive a message from a device. The network device may process the message to determine identification information associated with the device. The network device may process the message to determine identification information associated with a packet data unit (PDU) session, of one or more PDU sessions, of the device. The network device may transmit based on the identification information associated with the device and the identification information associated with the PDU session of the device, the message to another network device.

Some embodiments establish for an entity a virtual network over several public clouds of several public cloud providers and/or in several regions. In some embodiments, the virtual network is an overlay network that spans across several public clouds to interconnect one or more private networks (e.g., networks within branches, divisions, departments of the entity or their associated datacenters), mobile users, and SaaS (Software as a Service) provider machines, and other web applications of the entity. The virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the routing of the entity's data messages to their destinations for best end-to-end performance, reliability and security, while trying to minimize the routing of this traffic through the Internet. Also, the virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the layer 4 processing of the data message flows passing through the network.

Systems and methods for incorporating a new channel-type value in the header of a Generic Associated Channel (G-ACh) for Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) Layer-2 packets over Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks are provided. The channel-type value of the G-ACh header may be used for identification of the network-generated CFM Layer-2 packets. In one implementation, a system may include a processing device and a memory device, where the memory device may be configured to store instructions that, when executed, cause the processing device to obtain a Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) packet, encapsulate the CFM packet with Pseudo-Wire (PW) and Label-Switched Path (LSP) labels to create an expanded packet, and incorporate a specific channel-type value in a G-ACh header of the expanded packet to uniquely identify the CFM packet.

A system for transmitting data over a communication network operating in an Ethernet or serial communication mode, where an Ethernet or serial cable is replaced by radios transmitting over an over-the-air radio link. The system includes computer processors that receive the data and assemble that data into smaller OTA data packets for delivery across the link and operating protocols that provide collision avoidance of OTA packets transmitted in an overlapping manner by radios on opposite sides of the over-the-air link. In a preferred mode the system operates in the 902-928 MHz ISM band, and the data being transmitted over distances much greater than for 2.4 GHz transmission.

Some embodiments of the present invention comprise a method, system, and/or computer program product for a publish/subscribe messaging system. A processor identifies a subscriber of a pub/sub messaging system. The processor retrieves a stored encrypted key for the identified subscriber of the pub/sub messaging system. The processor communicates the retrieved encrypted key to a user selected from a group comprising a publisher of the pub/sub messaging system and the identified subscriber of the pub/sub messaging system. The processor implements end-to-end encryption of messages of the pub/sub messaging system based on key-groups.

Systems and methods for incorporating a new channel-type value in the header of a Generic Associated Channel (G-ACh) for Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) Layer-2 packets over Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks are provided. The channel-type value of the G-ACh header may be used for identification of the network-generated CFM Layer-2 packets. In one implementation, a system may include a processing device and a memory device, where the memory device may be configured to store instructions that, when executed, cause the processing device to obtain a Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) packet, encapsulate the CFM packet with Pseudo-Wire (PW) and Label-Switched Path (LSP) labels to create an expanded packet, and incorporate a specific channel-type value in a G-ACh header of the expanded packet to uniquely identify the CFM packet.

Embodiments disclosed herein provide a hybrid fiber-copper access network in which a main OLT sends data to the DSLAMs via a plurality of point-to-point optical fiber connections. A standby OLT is provided which has a plurality of point-to-multi-point optical fiber connections to the DSLAMs. In the event of a failure, data can be sent to some of the DSLAMs via the standby OLT and the point-to-multi-point optical fiber connections. Following the rectification of the fault, the network can revert to its normal state and transmit data to the DSLAMs via the main OLT and the plurality of point-to-point optical fiber connections.

The invention relates to a vehicle having fail-safe internal data transfer. The vehicle comprises a vehicle body and a wired data transfer network provided on the vehicle body. Furthermore, network subscribers are provided on the vehicle body, which network subscribers are connected to each other via respective network nodes of the data transfer network. The data transfer network has a data-transferring ring wiring.

A method for handling of multicast data streams within a broadband access network of a telecommunications network includes: a specific service edge node receiving a join request message from or through a specific customer premises equipment; an activation request message being transmitted, by the specific service edge node, to a multicast controller node within the broadband access network; and the multicast controller node generating and/or replicating multicast data stream-related data packets and injecting these multicast data stream-related data packets, using a corresponding session identifier information, into a point-to-point-protocol connection or tunneling protocol connection between the specific service edge node and the specific customer premises equipment.

Some embodiments establish for an entity a virtual network over several public clouds of several public cloud providers and/or in several regions. In some embodiments, the virtual network is an overlay network that spans across several public clouds to interconnect one or more private networks (e.g., networks within branches, divisions, departments of the entity or their associated datacenters), mobile users, and SaaS (Software as a Service) provider machines, and other web applications of the entity. The virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the routing of the entity's data messages to their destinations for best end-to-end performance, reliability and security, while trying to minimize the routing of this traffic through the Internet. Also, the virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the layer 4 processing of the data message flows passing through the network.