In one embodiment, a method comprises causing, by an apparatus, establishment of first and second multicast trees within one or more underlay switching fabrics of one or more fat tree topologies, the first and second multicast trees comprising first and second multicast roots for multicast transmission to leaf network devices in the respective first and second multicast trees; causing, by the apparatus, establishment of an overlay tunnel between the first and second multicast roots, the overlay tunnel independent and distinct from the first and second multicast trees; causing the first multicast root to multicast transmit, via the first multicast tree, a data packet having been transmitted to the first multicast root; and causing the first multicast root to unicast transmit the data packet to the second multicast root via the overlay tunnel, for multicast transmission of the data packet by the second multicast root via the second multicast tree.

Techniques are described for policy driven on-demand tunnel creation and deletion between end points in a software-defined wide area network (SD-WAN) having a hub-and-spoke topology. A software-defined networking (SDN) controller that facilitates cloud-based services of a service provider network that sets up the SD-WAN is configured to determine whether a tunnel between end-points is to be created or deleted based on information indicative of the traffic, such as amount, time, application generating the traffic, and the like, between end-points.

A method may include generating, at a host device, a point-to-point over Ethernet active discovery packet. The point-to-point over Ethernet active discovery packet includes a tag that identifies a host device type of the host device.

A network system is provided. The network system includes a first network device and a second network device running in data link layer (L2). The first network device includes a first switch and a first PPPoE (Point-to-Point over Ethernet) agent integrally coupled to the first switch. The second network device also includes a second switch and a second PPPoE agent integrally coupled to the second switch. The network system further includes a PPPoE client running in network layer (L3) that communicates to the first PPPoE agent and a PPPoE server in L3 that communicates to the second PPPoE agent. The PPPoE client uses a broadcast (Bcast) MAC address in an initial IPCP (Internet Protocol Control Protocol) negotiation message between the PPPoE client and the PPPoE server.

This application relates to the communications field, and discloses a subscribe and publish method and a server. A server receives a publish message sent by a publish client, and obtains an identifier of the publish client based on the received publish message. The server may search a subscribe tree based on a topic name in the publish message, to obtain an identifier of a subscribe client, obtain, based on the identifier of the subscribe client and a first mapping table, a first label corresponding to the identifier of the subscribe client, and obtain, based on the identifier of the publish client and the first mapping table, a second label corresponding to the identifier of the publish client. In this way, the server may match the obtained first label with the obtained second label, and send the publish message to the subscribe client.

Some embodiments establish for an entity a virtual network over several public clouds of several public cloud providers and/or in several regions. In some embodiments, the virtual network is an overlay network that spans across several public clouds to interconnect one or more private networks (e.g., networks within branches, divisions, departments of the entity or their associated datacenters), mobile users, and SaaS (Software as a Service) provider machines, and other web applications of the entity. The virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the routing of the entity's data messages to their destinations for best end-to-end performance, reliability and security, while trying to minimize the routing of this traffic through the Internet. Also, the virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the layer 4 processing of the data message flows passing through the network.

Embodiments of the present application provide a packet processing method in a Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) authentication process and a relevant device. A first broadcast access server (BAS) exists in a broadcast domain in which a user terminal is located, the first BAS supports the PPPoE and corresponds to a first operator. The method includes receiving, by the first BAS, a PPPoE active discovery initiation (PADI) packet sent by the user terminal; and when determining that a quantity of authentication failures of the user terminal on the first BAS is greater than a preset threshold, skipping sending, by the first BAS, a PPPoE active discovery offer (PADO) packet to the user terminal in a preset period. The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application resolve a problem that the user terminal cannot perform access because the user terminal establishes a session with the first BAS.

Some embodiments establish for an entity a virtual network over several public clouds of several public cloud providers and/or in several regions. In some embodiments, the virtual network is an overlay network that spans across several public clouds to interconnect one or more private networks (e.g., networks within branches, divisions, departments of the entity or their associated datacenters), mobile users, and SaaS (Software as a Service) provider machines, and other web applications of the entity. The virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the routing of the entity's data messages to their destinations for best end-to-end performance, reliability and security, while trying to minimize the routing of this traffic through the Internet. Also, the virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the layer 4 processing of the data message flows passing through the network.

A machine implemented method of server initiated registration of a remote device with a second server when the remote device is provisioned or pre-provisioned for registration with a first server, the method comprising: transmitting a bootstrap message from a bootstrap server to the first server, the bootstrap message comprising instruction for registration of the remote device with the second server; receiving the bootstrap message at the first server; sending, from the first server, the bootstrap message to the remote device; and registering the remote device with the second server.

The present disclosure provides a PPPoE packets transmitting method and a PPPoE server. The method comprises: registering, by a PPPoE server, a PPPoE protocol packet sniffer with a Linux kernel and an Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPV4) protocol packet sniffer with a Netfilter framework, and adding a user's IP address and MAC address to authenticated user information, receiving, by the PPPoE server, a packet, and calling, by the PPPoE server, the PPPoE protocol packet sniffer or the IPV4 protocol packet sniffer to process and transmit the packet according to the authenticated user information. In the present disclosure, during a user's dial-up logon or logoff, the creation and deletion of a network interface are not required, which can improve the logon and logoff speeds.