Techniques for detecting misconfiguration of an uplink or an external network device connected with the uplink is disclosed. In an aspect, a Frame Link Module (FLM) in a frame belonging to a group of frames connected in a ring network, may determine that an uplink of the FLM is configured in a management mode. The FLM may determine, based on a system description associated with a Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) packet, whether the uplink is connected to a network device in an external network. Based on Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) traffic being dropped, it may be determined that VLAN configuration of one of the uplink and the network device is incompatible for operation in the management mode. The uplink with incompatible VLAN configuration or the uplink connected with a network switch having incompatible VLAN configuration may be removed from a group of uplinks available for selection as an active uplink for the frames.

A network system includes a first network device, a second network device, and a third network device. The first network device is configured to: obtain a first route advertisement message, where the first route advertisement message includes a first route prefix; and obtain a second route prefix based on the first route prefix, where the second route prefix corresponds to a first network slice, and the second route prefix is a subnet prefix of the first route prefix. The first network device advertises a second route advertisement message to the second network device, where the second route advertisement message includes the second route prefix.

A network device employs a transmitter configured to transmit a registration request to a software defined network (SDN) controller. The network device employs a receiver to receive a reply from the SDN controller. The reply indicates a plurality of provider edge (PE) devices coupled to a carrier network. The network device employs a processor to cause the transmitter and receiver to establish a plurality of asymmetric connections to a virtual private network (VPN) operating over a wide area network (WAN) via the PE devices.

A tunnel BFD session establishment method and device are provided. The tunnel BFD session establishment method includes: acquiring first content information, generating a first tunnel bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD) session establishment packet according to the first content information, and sending the first tunnel BFD session establishment packet to a second edge node; receiving a second tunnel BFD session establishment packet sent by the second edge node; and establishing a tunnel BFD session between the first edge node and the second edge node when the BFD status of the first edge node and the BFD status of the second edge node are a preset status. Therefore, the solution can solve a series of problems in the related art caused by that a tunnel BFD session can only be established by means of manual configuration, so as to achieve the effect of automatically establishing the tunnel BFD session.

Implementations of the disclosure are directed to network updates for virtual machine migration. A method of the disclosure includes receiving an indication over a network that a virtual machine successfully migrated from a source host to a destination host, responsive to the indication, monitoring incoming packets to the source host for an incoming packet having a virtual machine address of the virtual machine at the source host in a destination address field, and upon determining that one or more of the incoming packets to the source host comprise the destination address field having the virtual machine address, providing, to the destination host, a notification that the one or more of the incoming packets having the virtual machine address were received at the source host, the notification indicating that an update of the virtual machine address is to be performed by one or more endpoints of the network.

A method includes a first provider edge (PE) device sending, to a second PE device, a media access control (MAC) route learned from a customer edge (CE) device and a virtual local area network (VLAN) identifier, wherein the second PE device generates a MAC forwarding entry based on the MAC route and the VLAN identifier, where the MAC forwarding entry is used to directly forward, using the CE device, a packet whose destination MAC address is the CE device or a MAC address of a terminal device accessing the CE device. An outbound interface identifier included in the MAC forwarding entry is an identifier of an interface connected to the CE device.

A cloud computing data center system includes a first server, a second server, a cloud management platform, and a switch. The first server includes a first computing node and a first distributed gateway. The first distributed gateway receives a management packet sent by the cloud management platform. The first distributed gateway records network information of the second VLAN. A first virtual machine sends a first service packet that carries service data to a second virtual machine. The first distributed gateway receives the first service packet, generates a second service packet by modifying the first service packet based on the network information of the second VLAN, and sends the second service packet to the switch. A second distributed gateway receives the second service packet forwarded by the switch, and sends the second service packet to the second virtual machine. In this way, network reliability may be improved.

A network controller provides proactive notification of a wireless client device's address rotation to layer 2 (L2) and/or layer 3 (L3) devices. Traditional methods of device address discovery rely on broadcasting of address queries across a plurality of links until a path to a device having the queried address responds. As device address changes become more frequent in an effort to improve user privacy, traditional methods of address discovery impose a large burden on networks, reducing their performance and efficiency. By proactively propagating address changes to upstream devices, the need for broadcast oriented address discovery techniques is reduced, resulting in improved network performance.

A communication method and a switch device for one-way transmission based on VLAN ID are provided. The communication method includes: receiving, by a first port of a switch, a first data packet from a first external device; packing the first data packet with a first VLAN ID corresponding to a first path to generate a second data packet; receiving, by a first PLD, the second data packet from a third port of the switch; filtering, by the first PLD, the second data packet according to a first filtering rule; in response to the second data packet being matched with the first filtering rule, overwriting the first VLAN ID by a second VLAN ID corresponding to a second path to generate a third data packet; and transmitting, by the first PLD, the third data packet to a second port of the switch via the second path.

Methods for directly mapping attributes from controllers connected to a switch are provided. Multicast protocols are combined with policy management and applied to systems with multiple host and source devices. Unnecessary data packets are dropped, while only necessary data packets are forwarded. These methods decrease the amount of resources needed to process requests received during multicasting, provide enhanced security options, and further integrate networking solutions.