A side information transmission method and apparatus, where data to be transmitted by a transmit end includes at least one first data sub-block and at least one second data sub-block. A first modulated signal is obtained based on a first phase rotation factor. A second modulated signal is obtained based on a second phase rotation factor. Side information is generated based on the first phase rotation factor and the second phase rotation factor. The first data sub-block is carried on a first subcarrier, and the side information is also mapped to the first carrier. The first modulated signal corresponding to the at least one first data sub-block, the second modulated signal corresponding to the at least one second data sub-block, and a modulated signal corresponding to the side information are superposed to obtain a to-be-transmitted signal.

An over-the-air computation (AirComp) scheme is proposed for federated edge learning (FEEL) without channel state information (CSI) at the edge devices (EDs) or edge server (ES). The proposed scheme adopts the majority vote (MV) principle and uses pulse-position modulation (PPM) symbols constructed with discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (DFT-s-OFDM) as votes from EDs. By taking the delay spread and synchronization errors into account, we show how to eliminate the need for truncated-channel inversion (TCI) at the EDs and detect MV at the ED with a non-coherent detector. The proposed method naturally reduces the peak-to-mean envelope power ratio (PMEPR) of the signal as it inherits the properties of the single-carrier (SC) waveform. An alternative proposed scheme also adopts the majority vote (MV) principle but further defines multiple subcarriers and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols for voting options, which reduces to frequency-shift keying (FSK) over OFDM subcarriers as a special case. Since the votes from EDs are separated on orthogonal resources, the proposed scheme eliminates the need for truncated-channel inversion (TCI) at the EDs and allows the ES to detect MV with a non-coherent detector. We also mitigate the peak-to-mean envelope power ratio (PMEPR) of the synthesized signals by using randomization symbols. Through simulations, we show that the proposed schemes provide high test accuracy in fading channels for both independent and identically distributed (IID) and non-IID data while resulting in lower PMEPR symbols as compared to one-bit broadband digital aggregation (OBDA) with quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).

The disclosed systems and methods for wireless communication directed are towards (i) encoding data bits to be transmitted over a multiple resource unit (MRU) in a wireless local area network (WLAN), (ii) creating a group of the encoded data bits based on a predetermined criterion, (iii) parsing the encoded bits in the group based on a proportional ratio associated with the MRU, (iv) modulating the parsed encoded data bits to generate modulated encoded data symbols, (v) mapping the modulated encoded data symbols to data subcarriers to generate encoded data subcarriers, the data subcarriers being associated with respective resource units (RUs) of the MRU, (vi) duplicating the encoded data subcarriers within the respective RUs, (vii) shuffling the duplicate encoded data subcarriers across the respective RUs of the MRU, and (viii) transmitting the encoded data subcarriers, and the duplicate encoded data subcarriers over the MRU in the WLAN.

This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatuses for wireless communication that can be used to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of data transmissions by increasing the degree of randomness with which data is scrambled for transmission over a wireless medium. In some implementations, a transmitting device may determine a set of scrambling initialization bits, and may generate a scrambling sequence based on the set of scrambling initialization bits and an 11.sup.th-order polynomial. The transmitting device may provide an indication of the set of scrambling initialization bits in a physical layer convergence protocol (PLCP) protocol data unit (PPDU). The transmitting device may scramble one or more portions of the PPDU based on the scrambling sequence. The transmitting device may transmit the PPDU over a wireless medium. In some instances, the set of scrambling initialization bits consists of 11 bits, and may be included in a Service field of the PPDU.

Multimedia codecs (compression methods), based only on FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) have been recently proposed. These codecs use the largest points (foreground) and the most energetic bands (background). Medium quality versions are based on the largest local peaks only.

The phases can be ignored with the largest local peaks or in the background. Alternatively, sine and cosine amplitudes can be used.

This invention describes methods for giving utility to the reintroduced phases, in particular: local peaks are grouped to have a very narrow bandwidth, with the phases containing the displacements of these peaks, and we transport data and the points of the foreground in the phases of the background.

High speed communications are supported using techniques similar to OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing). These processes are intended to be used in particular with connected objects and in the physical layers of computer networks.

In future radio communication systems, uplink control channels will be transmitted properly. A user terminal has a receiving section that receives frequency hopping information, which indicates whether frequency hopping for an uplink control channel in one slot is enabled or not, and receives information that indicates the number of slots for the uplink control channel, and a control section that, when the number of slots is greater than one, controls repetition transmission of the uplink control channel, over a plurality of slots, by applying at least one of a spreading factor of a time-domain orthogonal cover code, a configuration of a demodulation reference code, and a base sequence, to the uplink control channel, based on the frequency hopping information.

A transmitting method includes: configuring a frame using a plurality of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, by allocating a plurality of transmission data to a plurality of areas; and transmitting the frame. The plurality of areas are each identified by at least one time resource among resources and at least one frequency resource among frequency resources. The frame includes a first period in which a preamble is transmitted, and a second period in which the plurality of transmission data are transmitted by at least one of time division and frequency division. The second period includes a first area, and the first area includes a data symbol generated from first transmission data, a data symbol generated from second transmission data and subsequent to the data symbol generated from the first transmission data, and a dummy symbol subsequent to the data symbol generated from the second transmission data.

An integrated circuit includes a filter circuit and a computation circuit that applies emphasis to a data stream in a frequency domain to reduce distortion to the data stream caused by the filter circuit. The emphasis is determined based on the distortion caused by the filter circuit. A circuit design system includes logic synthesis and optimization tools that relax parameters for a first filter circuit to generate relaxed parameters, use the relaxed parameters to generate a second filter circuit that filters data, generate an emphasis vector based on distortion in the data caused by the second filter circuit, and generate a computation circuit that applies the emphasis vector to the data to reduce the distortion in the data caused by the second filter circuit.

Embodiments of this application provide a data processing method and apparatus, to scramble, by using one interleaver or one LDPC tone mapper, a bit sequence of a bitstream of a user to whom a plurality of RUs are allocated, so that hardware costs are reduced. The method includes: allocating a coded bitstream of a first user to M RUs or a first RU including M RUs, where the M RUs or the first RU is an RU allocated to the first user, and M is a positive integer greater than 1; reordering all bits in the coded bitstream by using a first interleaver or a first tone mapper.

A method of wireless communication by a user equipment (UE) includes reporting, to a base station, a requested downlink code block mapping, which has a defined duration. The method also includes receiving a first code block from the base station during the defined period of time. The method further includes receiving a second code block from the base station during the period of time. The method further includes decoding the first code block with a first demodulator according to the code block mapping. The method still further includes decoding the second code block with a second demodulator, which is different from the first demodulator, according to the code block mapping.