In a multi-cloud computing environment comprising a plurality of cloud platforms with each cloud platform comprising one or more nodes, a method maintains at a given one of the nodes in the multi-cloud computing environment a blockchain instance in accordance with a decentralized blockchain network comprised of at least a subset of the nodes in the multi-cloud computing environment wherein each of the subset of nodes locally maintain a blockchain instance. Further, the method maintains at the given one of the nodes a global state database which is locally synchronized with the locally maintained blockchain instance and stores identifying information about nodes in the multi-cloud computing environment, wherein the identifying information comprises information on how to find one or more of the nodes.

A storage unit (12) stores a hash table that corresponds to a predetermined field of a packet and has a set of a hash value from a value in the corresponding field and a pointer registered, and an ANY point table that corresponds to the predetermined field and has a pointer registered. A search unit (132) refers to a hash value calculated from a value in a field of a packet to be searched and to a pointer registered in the hash table and the ANY point table, to perform hash search for a rule corresponding to the packet to be searched.

An example operation may include one or more of receiving a chain of blocks from a blockchain comprising a directed acyclic graph (DAG) format in which blocks are independently hash-linked to multiple blocks, identifying temporal relationships between blocks in the chain of blocks based on a structure of the chain of blocks in the DAG format, determining a sequential linear order of the chain of blocks in the DAG format based on the identified temporal relationships, and storing the sequential linear order of the chain of blocks.

The technology described herein documents interactions in a cloud computing environment. The system creates a first partition within the cloud computing environment for a first entity and a second partition within the cloud computing environment for a second entity. A blockchain ledger can be created for a set of interactions between the first entity and the second entity, where the blockchain ledger is disengaged when the first entity and the second entity are not interacting.

According to one aspect disclosed herein, a system can include a set of node peers, including a first subset implemented in software and a second subset implemented in hardware. The first subset can include a software node. The second subset can include a hardware node that includes a hardware cache, a processor, and a memory that stores computer-executable instructions. The hardware node can receive, from a network, a packet, and can determine if data that identifies a path associated with the packet is stored in the hardware cache. If not, the hardware node can query the software node to identify the path associated with the packet, and can receive, in response from the software node, the data that identifies the path, which then can be stored in the hardware cache. The hardware node can forward, along the path, the packet to a network element.

A method for distributing data between mobile devices includes creating, by a processing device, a group comprising of mobile devices in an ad-hoc mode that share data. The mobile devices are located within a pre-defined range. The method also includes identifying, by the processing device, at least a portion of the data available for sharing in at least one of the mobile devices. The method also includes replicating, by the processing device, the identified data for distribution to the mobile devices. The method further includes distributing, by the processing device, the replicated data to the at least one of the mobile devices in the immediate mode when the at least one of the mobile devices is within the pre-defined range.

One or more embodiments of this specification provide message transmission methods and apparatuses. A method includes: registering each of a plurality of blockchain nodes in a blockchain relay communication network to a blockchain node set indicated in a registration request submitted by a corresponding blockchain node of the plurality of blockchain nodes; generating a routing policy corresponding to each of the plurality of blockchain nodes, the routing policy comprising a blockchain node set that the corresponding blockchain node belongs and a relay node that connects to the corresponding blockchain node; receiving a blockchain message for a target blockchain node in a target blockchain node set; determining a target relay node connected to the target blockchain node according to a tree-structured routing table obtained by organizing routing policies in a tree structure; and transmitting the blockchain message to the target blockchain node.

One embodiment of the present invention sets forth a technique for generating one or more hash data structures. The technique includes generating a hash data structure having entries that correspond to a plurality of content servers, and, for each file included in a first plurality of files, allocating the file to one or more content servers included in the plurality of content servers by comparing a hash value associated with the file to one or more entries included in the entries. The technique further includes comparing a network bandwidth utilization of a first content server to a network bandwidth utilization associated with one or more other content servers included in the plurality of content servers to generate a result, and modifying a first number of entries associated with the first content server and included in the entries based on the result to generate a biased hash data structure.

A method for reaching consensus in parachain includes the steps of: packaging a plurality of information of first blocks requiring consensus in a first parachain to generate first block information; transmitting he first block information to a corresponding node in a main chain for storing and recording the first block information in the main chain, and verifying the first block information stored and recorded in the main chain whether a number of first block information is not less than a first threshold number with the same information, to generate a consensus result; and synchronizing the consensus result, and writing the first block to the first parachain when the first block passes the verification.

Disclosed herein are enhancements for operating a web application firewall to reduce load. In one implementation, a method of operating a content server for a web application comprising running a web accelerator with a plurality of threads on the content server. The method further provides receiving a request for content which will be provided to a web application, filtering the request and determining that the content will be requested from a second server. After determining that the content will be requested from a second server, reviewing the request with a web application firewall operating at a network layer 7, forwarding the request, receiving the content, and providing the content. Further, the web application firewall is controlled by a plurality of sets of rules, which can be updated without restarting the web accelerator.