A vertical external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) whose blueshift is reduced also in a high intensity range of emitted laser light is realized. A surface-emitting device for VECSEL includes a base substrate made of GaN and c-axis oriented, and an emitter structure formed of a group 13 nitride semiconductor and provided on the base substrate. The emitter structure is formed of unit deposition parts, each of which is provided on the base substrate and includes a DBR layer having a distributed Bragg reflection structure and an active layer that has a multiple quantum well structure and generates excitation emission in response to irradiation with external laser light. A c-axis orientation of each of the unit deposition parts conforms to the c-axis orientation of the base substrate located directly below the unit deposition parts. Grooves are formed between the unit deposition parts.

Some embodiments include methods of forming voids within semiconductor constructions. In some embodiments the voids may be utilized as microstructures for distributing coolant, for guiding electromagnetic radiation, or for separation and/or characterization of materials. Some embodiments include constructions having micro-structures therein which correspond to voids, conduits, insulative structures, semiconductor structures or conductive structures.

A method for forming a silicon-containing film in a recess formed on a surface of a substrate, the method includes: (a) forming a flowable film in the recess by exposing the substrate, which is adjusted to a first temperature, to plasma generated from a processing gas including a halogen-containing silane: and (b) curing the flowable film by thermally processing the substrate at a second temperature higher than the first temperature.

There is provided a lower electrode mechanism for plasma processing, the lower electrode mechanism including: a base portion to which radio-frequency power is applied during the plasma processing; a dielectric portion disposed at an upper surface of the base portion; and an induction heating mechanism, in which the induction heating mechanism includes an induction heating element heated by an induction magnetic field, and a magnetic field generator that is disposed inside the base portion and generates the induction magnetic field.

A plasma processing apparatus comprises a chamber, a substrate support, a plasma generator, a bias power supply and a chuck power supply. The substrate support includes a base and a dielectric part. The base includes a base member and an electrode. The base member is made of a dielectric or an insulator. The electrode is formed on an upper surface of the base member. The electrode forms an upper surface of the base. The dielectric part provides a supporting surface on which a substrate is placed. The dielectric part extends from the upper surface of the base to the supporting surface and is made of only a dielectric. The bias power supply and the chuck power supply are electrically connected to the electrode of the base.

Some embodiments include methods of forming voids within semiconductor constructions. In some embodiments the voids may be utilized as microstructures for distributing coolant, for guiding electromagnetic radiation, or for separation and/or characterization of materials. Some embodiments include constructions having micro-structures therein which correspond to voids, conduits, insulative structures, semiconductor structures or conductive structures.

Some embodiments include methods of forming voids within semiconductor constructions. In some embodiments the voids may be utilized as microstructures for distributing coolant, for guiding electromagnetic radiation, or for separation and/or characterization of materials. Some embodiments include constructions having micro-structures therein which correspond to voids, conduits, insulative structures, semiconductor structures or conductive structures.

Some embodiments include methods of forming voids within semiconductor constructions. In some embodiments the voids may be utilized as microstructures for distributing coolant, for guiding electromagnetic radiation, or for separation and/or characterization of materials. Some embodiments include constructions having micro-structures therein which correspond to voids, conduits, insulative structures, semiconductor structures or conductive structures.

A substrate processing method of processing a substrate includes: a carry-in process of carrying the substrate into a processing container; a first process of forming a first carbon film on the substrate with plasma of a first mixture gas containing a carbon-containing gas in a state in which interior of the processing container is maintained at a first pressure; and a second process of changing a pressure in the processing container to a second pressure higher than the first pressure.

Some embodiments include methods of forming voids within semiconductor constructions. In some embodiments the voids may be utilized as microstructures for distributing coolant, for guiding electromagnetic radiation, or for separation and/or characterization of materials. Some embodiments include constructions having micro-structures therein which correspond to voids, conduits, insulative structures, semiconductor structures or conductive structures.