An electrosurgical generator includes a first radio frequency source having a first power supply configured to output a first direct current waveform; a first radio frequency inverter coupled to the first power supply and configured to generate a first interrogation waveform and a first radio frequency waveform from the first direct current waveform; and a first controller configured to control the first radio frequency inverter to output the first radio frequency waveform based on a response of the first interrogation waveform. The generator also includes a second radio frequency source having a second power supply configured to output a second direct current waveform; a second radio frequency inverter coupled to the second power supply and configured to generate a second interrogation waveform simultaneously as the first interrogation waveform and a second radio frequency waveform simultaneously as the first radio frequency waveform; and a second controller configured to control the second radio frequency inverter to output the second radio frequency waveform based on a response of the second interrogation waveform.

An electrosurgical system includes a supply apparatus and a neutral electrode. A measurement signal is applied or impressed to the neutral electrode and the resulting impedance actual value (Z.sub.ist) of the neutral electrode current circuit can be determined. The measurement signal (US, IS) is applied at different measurement frequencies (ω) and one impedance actual value (Z.sub.ist) for each measurement frequency (ω) is determined. The impedance actual values characterize a frequency-dependent progress of the impedance and can be checked by a predefined frequency-dependent check criterion. It can thereby be recognized whether the conductive connection between the neutral electrode and the patient complies with the specifications defined by the check criterion. Particularly it is checked whether a sufficiently large area portion of the neutral electrode is conductively connected to the patient, so that excessive current densities in the region of the neutral electrode inside the tissue of the patient can be avoided.

A system includes a signal generator, configured to pass a generated signal, which has two different generated frequencies, through a circuit including an intrabody electrode. The system further includes a processor, configured to identify, while the generated signal is passed through the circuit, a derived frequency, which is derived from the generated frequencies, on the circuit, and to generate, in response to identifying the derived frequency, an output indicating a flaw in the electrode. Other embodiments are also described.

A system includes a signal generator, configured to pass a generated signal, which has two different generated frequencies, through a circuit including a bidirectional semiconductor device. The system further includes a processor, configured to identify, while the generated signal is passed through the circuit, a derived frequency, which derives from the generated frequencies, on the circuit, and to generate, in response to identifying the derived frequency, an output indicating that a property of the bidirectional semiconductor device is asymmetric. Other embodiments are also described.

Apparatus, including a guidewire, having a distal end dimensioned to penetrate into a nasal sinus and a balloon, which is fitted over the guidewire in proximity to the distal end. There is an inflation channel, which runs along the guidewire and is coupled to convey a pressurized fluid into the balloon so as to inflate the balloon. The apparatus also includes a first electrode, fixedly attached to a distal tip of the guidewire, and a second electrode, fixedly attached to the guidewire at a location proximal to the distal tip. There are conductive leads running along the guidewire and coupled to apply an electrical potential between the first and second electrodes.

A method of delivering pulsed electric field energy to perform ablation of a tissue includes providing a pulse train to an electrode. The pulse train may include a first set of pulses with a first pulse width to generate first electric field and a second set of pulses with a second pulse width greater than the first pulse width to generate a second electric field. The electrode may be positioned at a same position during generation of the first electric field and the second electric field. The first electric field may be configured to have a higher electroporation effect on the first elongated cells having a first orientation than on second elongated cells having a second orientation. The second electric field may be configured to have a higher electroporation effect on the second cells than on the first cells.

An electrosurgical generator having an oscillating circuit that is excited by an excitation circuit with a frequency preferably close to the resonance frequency of the oscillating circuit. A regeneration circuit, which may be a voltage multiplier circuit, is used to stop the oscillation as suddenly as possible without losing the energy stored in the oscillating circuit.

Aspects of the present disclosure are presented for providing coordinated energy outputs of separate but connected modules, in some cases using communication protocols such as the Data Distribution Service standard (DDS). In some aspects, there is provided a communication circuit between a header or main device, a first module, and a second module, each including connection to a segment of a common backplane, where the output from a first module can be adjusted by sensing a parameter from a second module. In some aspects, the signal can pass from the first module through the header to the second module, or in other cases directly from the first module to the second module. Aspects of the present disclosure also include methods for automatically activating a bipolar surgical system in one or more of the modular systems using the DDS standard.

A method for controlling an output of an energy module of a modular energy system. The energy module can comprise a plurality of amplifiers configured to generate a drive signal at a frequency range and a plurality of ports coupled to the plurality of amplifiers. The method includes determining to which port of the plurality of ports the surgical instrument is connected, selectively coupling an amplifier of the plurality of amplifiers to the port of the plurality of ports to which the surgical instrument is connected, and controlling the amplifier to deliver the drive signal for driving the energy modality to the surgical instrument through the port.

A first module configured to engage with a second module in a stacked configuration to define a modular energy system is provided. The second module comprises a second bridge connector portion that comprises a second outer housing and a second electrical connection element. The first module comprises a first bridge connector portion comprising a first outer housing and a first electrical connection element. The first outer housing is configured to engage the second outer housing during assembly of the modular energy system prior to the first electrical connection element engaging the second electrical connection element.