A transmission system includes a sending apparatus and N signal channels, where N2, and N is an integer. The sending apparatus includes a first apparatus, and the first apparatus is configured to: obtain N to-be-transmitted signals and an encoding coefficient group, where the N to-be-transmitted signals are represented as an N1 signal matrix X, and the encoding coefficient group is represented as an NN orthogonal encoding matrix T; process the N to-be-transmitted signals based on the encoding coefficient group to generate N encoded first signals, where the N encoded first signals are represented as a signal matrix Y; and send the N encoded first signals to the N signal channels, where a signal on each signal channel corresponds to an element in a row of the signal matrix Y.

The disclosure relates to a 5G or 6G communication system for supporting a higher data transmission rate. A method performed by a network-controlled repeater (NCR) in a communication system is provided. The method includes receiving, from a base station via radio resource control information (RRC) message, configuration of one or more sets of forwarding resources for an access link, and receiving, from the base station, medium access control control element (MAC CE) indicating a set of forwarding resources among the one or more sets of forwarding resources, wherein the set of forwarding resources includes at least one forwarding resource, wherein each of the at least one forwarding resource is associated with a time resource and a beam index, and wherein the MAC CE includes a bit field indicating activation or deactivation of the set of forwarding resources.

A device may estimate targets and angle-of-arrival (AoA) and angle-of-departure (AoD) pairs for the targets based on a sensing-aware beam-forming (SABF) signal and a sensing-aware beam-nulling (SABN) signal received from another device. The device may perform post-processing of the AoA and AoD pairs to modify estimation accuracies for the AoA and AoD pairs, and may estimate path loss values for paths of the targets. The device may determine positions of the targets based on the AoA and AoD pairs, and may perform one or more actions based on the positions of the targets. The device may receive communication pilots from the other device, and may determine transmitter calibration coefficients for the other device and receiver calibration coefficients for the device based on the communication pilots.