Time stamp replication within wireless networks is described. In an embodiment, a wireless station receives an input time stamp and uses this input time stamp to generate an output time stamp. The wireless station transmits the output time stamp to wireless stations in one of a number of groups which make up the wireless network. The output time stamp is generated to compensate for delays between receiving the input time stamp and transmitting the output time stamp such that output time stamp which is transmitted at a time T corresponds to the value that the input time stamp would have had if it had been received at time T (and not at a time earlier than T). This may, therefore, reduce or eliminate independent time stamp errors and jitter caused by multiple disparate systems and processes.

Embodiments provide devices, methods and computer programs for determining and transmitting in a mobile communication system and a system for time-synchronous sampling. A device (10) is adapted for determining a time base in a mobile transceiver (100) in a mobile communication system (300). The mobile communication system (300) comprises at least one base station transceiver (200) and the mobile transceiver (100) is configured to exchange information in repeating radio frames with the base station transceiver (200). The device (10) includes at least one interface (12) configured to communicate with the at least one base station transceiver (200) of the mobile communication system (300). The device further (10) comprises a control module (14), which is configured to control the at least one interface (12), to establish synchronization with the repeating radio frames, incrementally increment a counter, and receive a message from the at least one base station transceiver (200). The message includes information on a local time reference at the base station transceiver (200). The control module (14) is further configured to adapt the counter based on the information on the local time reference and thus determine the time base.

Time stamp replication within wireless networks is described. In an embodiment, a wireless station receives an input time stamp and uses this input time stamp to generate an output time stamp. The wireless station transmits the output time stamp to wireless stations in one of a number of groups which make up the wireless network. The output time stamp is generated to compensate for delays between receiving the input time stamp and transmitting the output time stamp such that output time stamp which is transmitted at a time T corresponds to the value that the input time stamp would have had if it had been received at time T (and not at a time earlier than T). This may, therefore, reduce or eliminate independent time stamp errors and jitter caused by multiple disparate systems and processes.

The disclosure describes methods and systems for performing time synchronization in a heterogeneous system. In one example, a method includes, for each secondary device of one or more secondary devices in a network, determining, by a computing system, one or more time synchronization characteristics for the respective secondary device; and generating, by the computing system and based on at least the respective one or more time synchronization characteristics for each respective secondary device of the one or more secondary devices in the network, a time synchronization report for the network, wherein the one or more time synchronization characteristics include health data for the one or more secondary device.

A system is provided for synchronizing clocks. The system includes a plurality of devices in a network, each device having a local clock. The system is configured to synchronize the local clocks according to a primary spanning tree, where the primary spanning tree has a plurality of nodes connected through a plurality of primary links, each node of the plurality of nodes representing a respective device of the plurality of devices. The system is also configured to compute a backup spanning tree before a failure is detected in the primary spanning tree, wherein the backup spanning tree includes one or more backup links that are different from the primary links. As such, upon detection of a failure in the primary spanning tree, the system reconfigures the plurality of devices such that clock synchronization is performed according to the backup spanning tree.

This application provides a data transmission method in an optical network and an optical network device. The method includes: obtaining, by a first device, first synchronization information from a first service data stream, and determining a to-be-transmitted service data stream; generating second synchronization information based on the first synchronization information; mapping the second synchronization information and the to-be-transmitted service data stream to an optical carrier container; and sending the optical carrier container. A second device receives the optical carrier container; obtains a second service data stream and third synchronization information from the optical carrier container through demapping; generates fourth synchronization information based on the third synchronization information; and inserts the fourth synchronization information into the second service data stream, to obtain a third service data stream. In this way, time synchronization precision is improved.

A method for exchanging a clock synchronization packet performed by a network apparatus, including: exchanging a clock synchronization packet with a first clock source, where the network apparatus includes a boundary clock; determining a first time deviation of the boundary clock relative to the first clock source according to the clock synchronization packet exchanged with the first clock source, where the boundary clock avoids performing an operation of calibrating a time of a local clock of the boundary clock according to the first time deviation; and sending a clock synchronization packet to a first slave clock of the boundary clock, where the clock synchronization packet includes a first timestamp, a value of the first timestamp is equal to a first corrected value, and the first corrected value is a value obtained by the boundary clock by correcting the time of the local clock by using the first time deviation.

Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a timing method and a device for a mobile network. The mobile network comprises: a master clock, a first network, a first network device, and a second network device. The first network device acquires timing information from the master clock through the first network, calibrates a second network device clock of the second network device according to the timing information, and calibrates a terminal clock of a terminal device according to the calibrated second network device clock.

A blockchain network include nodes that are configured as time sources. These time-source nodes broadcast respective updates of their local times to all nodes in the blockchain network. Each node computes a summary time value based on the received local time values so that each node uses the same summary time to maintain their respective copies of the blockchain.

A clock synchronization method includes receiving, by a receiving apparatus, a plurality of data blocks using a plurality of physical layer modules (PHYs), where the plurality of data blocks include a plurality of head data blocks, performing, by the receiving apparatus, timestamp sampling on the plurality of data blocks to generate a plurality of receipt timestamps, aligning, by the receiving apparatus, the plurality of receipt timestamps using a first receipt timestamp as a reference, generating, by the receiving apparatus, a clock synchronization packet based on the plurality of data blocks, and writing, by the receiving apparatus, a value of a second receipt timestamp into the clock synchronization packet, where the second receipt timestamp is a receipt timestamp that is of a second data block and that is determined based on the plurality of aligned receipt timestamps.