A gate structure, a semiconductor device, and the method of forming a semiconductor device are provided. In various embodiments, the gate structure includes a gate stack and a doped spacer overlying a sidewall of the gate stack. The gate stack contains a doped work function metal (WFM) stack and a metal gate electrode overlying the doped WFM stack.

A semiconductor device including pairs of multiple threshold voltage (Vt) devices includes at least a first region corresponding to a first pair of Vt devices, a second region corresponding to a second pair of Vt devices including a first dipole layer, and a third region corresponding to a third pair of Vt devices including a second dipole layer different from the first dipole layer.

Methods and apparatus for forming doped material layers in semiconductor devices using an integrated selective monolayer doping (SMLD) process. A concentration of dopant is deposited on a material layer using the SMLD process and the concentration of dopant is then annealed to diffuse the concentration of dopant into the material layer. The SMLD process conforms the concentration of dopant to a surface of the material layer and may be performed in a single CVD chamber. The SMLD process may also be repeated to further alter the diffusion parameters of the dopant into the material layer. The SMLD process is compatible with p-type dopant species and n-type dopant species.

A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device is provided. The method includes forming a germanium layer over a silicon substrate; forming a capping layer over the germanium layer; performing a thermal treatment on the capping layer and the germanium layer, thereby heating the germanium layer to a temperature higher than a melting point of germanium, wherein the thermal treatment is performed to diffuse germanium atoms of the germanium layer into the silicon substrate, such that at least a portion of the silicon substrate is turned to a silicon germanium layer; and removing the capping layer and the germanium layer from the silicon germanium layer after the thermal treatment is performed.

A semiconductor structure includes a substrate, a first semiconductor fin, a second semiconductor fin, and a first lightly-doped drain (LDD) region. The first semiconductor fin is disposed on the substrate. The first semiconductor fin has a top surface and sidewalls. The second semiconductor fin is disposed on the substrate. The first semiconductor fin and the second semiconductor fin are separated from each other at a nanoscale distance. The first lightly-doped drain (LDD) region is disposed at least in the top surface and the sidewalls of the first semiconductor fin.

An apparatus including a circuit structure including a device stratum including a plurality of devices including a first side and an opposite second side; and a metal interconnect coupled to at least one of the plurality of devices from the second side of the device stratum. A method including forming a transistor device including a channel between a source region and a drain region and a gate electrode on the channel defining a first side of the device; and forming an interconnect to one of the source region and the drain region from a second side of the device.

In accordance with some embodiments, a method is provided. The method includes: forming a semiconductor fin protruding from a substrate; depositing a spacer layer over the semiconductor fin; after the depositing the spacer layer over the semiconductor fin, implanting a first dopant in the spacer layer and depositing a dopant layer of the first dopant on the spacer layer in alternating repeating steps; removing the dopant layer; and performing a thermal anneal process to drive the first dopant into the semiconductor fin from the spacer layer.

Methods of conformally doping three dimensional structures are discussed. Some embodiments utilize conformal silicon films deposited on the structures. The silicon films are doped after deposition to comprise halogen atoms. The structures are then annealed to dope the structures with halogen atoms from the doped silicon films.

A number of diode limiter semiconductor structures are described. The diode limiters can include a hybrid arrangement of diodes with different intrinsic regions, all formed over the same semiconductor substrate. In one example, a diode limiter includes a first diode having a first doped region formed to a first depth into an intrinsic layer of a semiconductor structure, a second diode having a second doped region formed to a second depth into the intrinsic layer of the semiconductor structure, and at least one passive component. The first diode includes a first effective intrinsic region of a first thickness, the second diode includes a second effective intrinsic region of a second thickness. The first thickness is greater than the second thickness. The passive component is over the intrinsic layer and electrically coupled as part of the diode limiter.

A semiconductor device and a manufacturing method thereof, and an electronic device including the semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes: a substrate; an active region including a first source/drain region, a channel region and a second source/drain region stacked sequentially on the substrate and adjacent to each other; a gate stack formed around an outer periphery of the channel region; and spacers formed around the outer periphery of the channel region, respectively between the gate stack and the first source/drain region and between the gate stack and the second source/drain region; wherein the spacers each have a thickness varying in a direction perpendicular to a direction from the first source/drain region pointing to the second source/drain region; wherein the spacers each have the thickness gradually decreasing from a surface exposed on an outer peripheral surface of the active region to an inside of the active region.