An integrated access and backhaul network is provided with network nodes that can establish timing synchronization with any other network nodes. In an embodiment, network nodes in a multi-hop integrated access and backhaul network have a hop order of n, wherein n represents a number of hops from a node connected to the core network via a wired connection. In an embodiment, instead of using the network node with a hop order of 0 as the timing synchronization reference for over-the-air synchronization, any network node can use any other network node as a synchronization reference. A relay node can first establish a wireless link to said arbitrary node. Said wireless link is then used to synchronize the relay or IAB node using a Precision Time Protocol (PTP) implementation.

A first communication unit communicates with a first communication terminal device by using a first communication scheme. A second communication unit communicates with a second communication terminal device by using a second communication scheme capable of communication over a longer distance than the first communication scheme. A search instruction communicating unit communicates a search instruction to the second communication terminal device via the second communication unit, the search instruction including an identifier identifying a first communication terminal device, and instructing the second communication terminal device to search for the first communication terminal device by using the first communication scheme.

A radio node may calculate one or more performance metrics based on measured satellite signals, which are associated with a global positioning system, or wireless signals that are associated with a cellular-telephone network. Then, the radio node may determine, based on the one or more performance metrics, whether the radio node is a synchronization master in a cluster of radio nodes. When the radio node is the synchronization master, the radio node may provide information intended for a computer specifying that the radio node is the synchronization master and the one or more performance metrics. In response, the radio node may receive a synchronization request associated with another radio node in the cluster. Furthermore, the radio node may provide the synchronization information intended for the other radio node, where the synchronization information specifies time, frequency, and phase synchronization for at least the cluster.

Determination of one or more timing (phase) and/or frequency corrections to be made to a local time base of a receiver device to synchronize the local time base with the time of GPS or other highly accurate time base. Timing packets from one or more grandmaster devices whose time bases are substantially the same as that of GPS or the like and/or positioning system signals (e.g., GPS signals) directly from a positioning system are received and manipulated to determine the timing and/or frequency corrections. The corrected time base may be used to assist in acquiring such positioning signals to allow for higher accuracy correction and/or for downstream communication operation. The present utilities are advantageous such as when a sufficient number of channels (e.g., four) from the receiver device to positioning system satellites are unavailable to synchronize the local time base to the GPS or other accurate time base.

There is provided for supporting beam correspondence. The method may be performed by a user equipment (UE) and comprise: transmitting UE capability information to a base station. The UE capability information may include first information related a capability of supporting beam correspondence. The beam correspondence may be determined based on at least a beam correspondence tolerance requirement. The beam correspondence tolerance requirement may include a delta effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 3 dB.

Cellular (e.g., LTE or UMTS) and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) based technologies can provide ubiquitous and seamless synchronization solution for LTE-based vehicle to everything (V2X) or Proximity Services synchronization (ProSe) services. For example, by using joint GNSS timing references and LTE cellular network timing references for V2X or ProSe system synchronization benefits of using GNSS technologies to improve synchronization procedure for LTE based V2X or ProSe services can be enabled, including: (1) accurate and stable timing, (2) availability of a global and stable timing reference and (3) ability to propagate GNSS timing by user equipment having sufficient GNSS signal quality.

A first communication unit communicates with a first communication terminal device by using a first communication scheme. A second communication unit communicates with a second communication terminal device by using a second communication scheme capable of communication over a longer distance than the first communication scheme. A search instruction communicating unit communicates a search instruction to the second communication terminal device via the second communication unit, the search instruction including an identifier identifying a first communication terminal device, and instructing the second communication terminal device to search for the first communication terminal device by using the first communication scheme.

A first communication unit communicates with a first communication terminal device by using a first communication scheme. A second communication unit communicates with a second communication terminal device by using a second communication scheme capable of communication over a longer distance than the first communication scheme. A search instruction communicating unit communicates a search instruction to the second communication terminal device via the second communication unit, the search instruction including an identifier identifying a first communication terminal device, and instructing the second communication terminal device to search for the first communication terminal device by using the first communication scheme.

A microwave antenna terminal for two-way, in-motion communication systems using geostationary or other orbit satellites, and capable of supporting two-way communication in two different frequency ranges, for example Ku and Ka frequency ranges, is provided.

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A user equipment (UE) may communicate, with a network entity, an indication of operation of an artificial intelligence (AI) or (ML) model at the UE and/or the network entity. Based on the indication of the operation of the AI or ML model, the UE may communicate, with the network entity, an indication of the QCL relation between the AI or ML model and reference signal communicated by the UE, a physical channel communicated by the UE, an antenna port of the network entity, or an antenna port of the UE. The QCL relation may indicate the radio characteristics applicable to the AI or ML model. The QCL relation may indicate the radio characteristics applicable to the AI or ML model.