In one embodiment, a magnet includes a three-dimensional structure with nanoscale features, where the three-dimensional structure has a near net shape corresponding to a predefined shape.

A coated rare earth-iron-nitrogen-based magnetic powder including: a core region; a first coating portion provided outside the core region; and a second coating portion, the core region containing R, Fe, and N, where R represents at least one selected from the group consisting of Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu, and Sm, and if Sm is present, Sm constitutes less than 50 atm % of the total R content, the powder including, in an order from the core region, the first coating portion containing P and R, an average atomic concentration of R in the first coating portion being higher than and not higher than twice an average atomic concentration of R in the core region, and the second coating portion having average atomic concentrations of P and R lower than those in the first coating portion, respectively, and containing Fe.

Example nanoparticles may include an iron-based core, and a shell. The shell may include a non-magnetic, anti-ferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic material. Example alloy compositions may include an iron-based grain, and a grain boundary. The grain boundary may include a non-magnetic, anti-ferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic material. Example techniques for forming iron-based core-shell nanoparticles may include depositing a shell on an iron-based core. The depositing may include immersing the iron-based core in a salt composition for a predetermined period of time. The depositing may include milling the iron-based core with a salt composition for a predetermined period of time. Example techniques for treating a composition comprising core-shell nanoparticles may include nitriding the composition.

The permanent magnet includes: a main phase expressed by a composition formula: RM.sub.ZN.sub.X and having at least one crystal structure selected from the group consisting of a Th.sub.2Ni.sub.17 crystal structure, a Th.sub.2Zn.sub.17 crystal structure, and a TbCu.sub.7 crystal structure; and a sub phase having a phosphorus compound phase containing a phosphorus compound excluding a phosphoric acid compound.

Example nanoparticles may include an iron-based core, and a shell. The shell may include a non-magnetic, anti-ferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic material. Example alloy compositions may include an iron-based grain, and a grain boundary. The grain boundary may include a non-magnetic, anti-ferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic material. Example techniques for forming iron-based core-shell nanoparticles may include depositing a shell on an iron-based core. The depositing may include immersing the iron-based core in a salt composition for a predetermined period of time. The depositing may include milling the iron-based core with a salt composition for a predetermined period of time. Example techniques for treating a composition comprising core-shell nanoparticles may include nitriding the composition.

Provided is a preparation method of magnetic nanostructures. The preparation method of magnetic nanostructures may comprise the steps of: preparing a source solution comprising a first precursor comprising a rare earth element, a second precursor comprising a transition metal element, and a third precursor comprising Cu; electrospinning the source solution to form preliminary magnetic nano-structures comprising a rare-earth element oxide, a transition metal oxide, and Cu oxide; and reducing the preliminary magnetic nano-structures to produce magnetic nano-structures comprising an alloy composition comprising the rare-earth element, the transition metal element, and the Cu.

An R-T-B based permanent magnet excellent in magnetic properties relatively reduces the amount of a heavy rare earth element used. An R-T-B based permanent magnet, wherein R represents a rare earth element, T an iron group element and B boron, includes main phase grains including an R.sub.2T.sub.14B crystal phase and grain boundaries formed between main phase grains. Grain boundaries include R—O—C—N concentrated parts where concentrations of R, O, C and N are all higher than those in main phase grains. C/R(S)>C/R(C) is satisfied in which C/R(S) represents a C/R ratio (atomic ratio) in R—O—C—N concentrated parts present in a surface of a R-T-B based permanent magnet and C/R(C) represents a C/R ratio (atomic ratio) in the R—O—C—N concentrated parts present in the center of a R-T-B based permanent magnet, and a heavy rare earth element RH is included in the R-T-B based permanent magnet.

A method of processing an anisotropic permanent magnet includes forming anisotropic flakes from a hulk magnet alloy, each of the anisotropic flakes having an easy magnetization direction with respect to a surface of the flake and combining the anisotropic flakes with a binder to form a mixture. The method further includes extruding or rolling the mixture without applying a magnetic field such that the easy magnetization directions of the anisotropic flakes align to form one or more layers having a magnetization direction aligned with the easy magnetization directions of the anisotropic flakes, and producing the anisotropic permanent magnet from the layers having the magnetization direction such that the anisotropic permanent magnet has a magnetization with. a specific orientation.

A magnetic powder and a method for fabricating the same according to an embodiment of the present disclosure are provided. The magnetic powder is powder particles synthesized using a mixture of a rare earth oxide, a raw material, a metal, a metal oxide and a reducing agent, wherein the powder particles are single-phase, the raw material includes at least one of Fe and Co, the metal includes at least one of Ti, Zr, Mn, Mo, V and Si, and the metal oxide includes at least one of MnO.sub.2, MoO.sub.3, V.sub.2O.sub.5, SiO.sub.2, ZrO.sub.2 and TiO.sub.2.

A permanent magnet expressed by a composition formula: R.sub.pFe.sub.qM.sub.rCu.sub.tCo.sub.100-p-q-r-t. The magnet comprises a metallic structure including crystal grains which constitutes a main phase having a Th.sub.2Zn.sub.17 crystal phase. An average value of Fe concentrations in the crystal grains of 20 or more is 28 atomic percent or more and an average value of R element concentrations in the crystal grains of 20 or more is 10 atomic percent or more.