Method for converting nuclear energy by fusing deuterium or tritium nuclei, which method comprises the initial step of providing a first atom, in turn comprising a first nucleus and a first electron, and a second atom, in turn comprising a second nucleus and a second electron, which method further comprises the following steps: a) bringing the first and second nucleus together at a distance of at the most 7 Å; b) applying a magnetic field (B) arranged to align spins of said first and second nucleus so that spin axes are antiparallel and directed either towards each other or away and projected on a common line between the first and second nuclei, which common line is parallel to the magnetic field (B); c) modifying the electron orbits of said first and second electrons such that a spatial distribution is skewed away from a region not located between the first and second nuclei along the common line, or ionizing said atoms; wherein the first and second hydrogen nuclei are brought together at said distance, with said spin orientation and said ionized or electron orbit modified state at one and the same time.

The invention also relates to a system.

A tokamak comprising a vacuum chamber, a toroidal field coil, and a solenoid. The solenoid is wound around the toroidal field coil within a central column region of the tokamak. The solenoid comprises an inner portion and two outer portions. The inner portion comprises windings extending axially for a first distance either side of the midpoint of the length of the solenoid. The outer portions, each comprise windings extending axially from an end of the inner portion. The inner portion has a number of turns per unit length which is greater than a number of turns per unit length of the outer portion.

Provided are a welding device and a welding method that can avoid occurrence of a clearance in a side region of a member and suppress occurrence of a failure of the member due to such a clearance. The embodiment includes: an electrode 11 configured to supply electricity to an electroconductive element 23 arranged between members 21, 22 and configured to generate heat by current conduction; and a pressing element 12 arranged in a side region of one member 22 of the members 21, 22 and configured to press the electroconductive element 23 while elastically being in close contact with the one member 22. Further, the pressing element 12 comes into close contact with the one member 22 by being pushed against the electroconductive element 23 and expanding in a direction orthogonal to a pushing direction.

An example method includes directing gas, via one or more first valves, from within an inner electrode to an acceleration region between the inner electrode and an outer electrode that substantially surrounds the inner electrode, directing gas, via two or more second valves, from outside the outer electrode to the acceleration region, and applying, via a power supply, a voltage between the inner electrode and the outer electrode, thereby converting at least a portion of the directed gas into a plasma having a substantially annular cross section, the plasma flowing axially within the acceleration region toward a first end of the inner electrode and a first end of the outer electrode and, thereafter, establishing a Z-pinch plasma that flows between the first end of the outer electrode and the first end of the inner electrode. Related plasma confinement systems and methods are also disclosed herein.

Device for detecting neutrons with ionization chamber and with optical transduction comprising a plurality of optical cavities, each accommodating the free end of an optical fiber.

The invention relates to a device (1) for detecting neutrons comprising at least one sealed ionization chamber (2) and with optical transduction with a plurality of cavities whose operation is each based on optical transduction using an optical fiber whose free end is within the cavity, which allows multipoint neutron-flux measurement, the measurement points being axially distributed.

A ratio of an angle of 2 to 15° is 50% or more in an arbitrary surface of the tungsten material, the angle being formed between a specific crystal orientation of a first crystal grain and a specific crystal orientation of a second crystal grain adjacent to the first crystal grain.

There is disclosed a method of generating non-ionizing radiation, non-ionizing .sup.4He atoms, or a combination of both, the method comprising: contacting graphene materials with a source of deuterium; and aging the graphene materials in the source of deuterium for a time sufficient to generate non-ionizing radiation, non-ionizing .sup.4 1-le atoms. In one embodiment, graphene materials may comprise carbon nanotubes, such as nitrogen doped single walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Unlike an alpha particle, the non-ionizing .sup.4He atoms generated by the disclosed method are a low energy particles, such as one having an energy of less than 1 MeV, such as less than 100 keV. Other non-ionizing radiation that can be generated by the disclosed process include soft x-rays, phonons or energetic electrons within the carbon material, and visible light.

A chamber cross-sectional multi-stage plasma arrangement characterized by escalating charge movement towards chamber center axis through one or more escalation stages contributing to the heating of the plasma, the centering of the plasma on the chamber axis, and creating rotation of the plasma therein. Rotation of the plasma around its axis induces a self-generated magnetic field, which in turn increases plasma stability and confinement. Some of the said stages of the multi-stage arrangement may be created by physical elements and components while others may be induced or generated by externally applying magnetic and/or electric fields or their combinations and/or by injection of electrons, ions or other plasma.

A method for manipulating fractal forming information, also referred to as ct states, in a dimensional form of increasing and decreasing fractal compression roughly generated by the denominator of pi (fpix), n+1, and the formula 2f(x){circumflex over ( )}(2{circumflex over ( )}x) including transitional steps between those stepwise increases and decreases by altering the compression of decompression targeting fractal states of the composite dimensional features (next lower dimensional features) or the resulting dimensional features (next higher dimensional features). Steps include identifying the ct states which are to be manipulated, select a compression or decompression ct state component to change the selected ct states, adding the compression or decompression components to yield the new ct states.

An energy amplification agent 6 is supplied into a reactor 1 to generate fine particles of the agent 6 inside of the heated reactor by vaporizing the agent, and, then, the fine particles are ionized by electromagnetic waves to form a plasma space 5 including a combination of atoms of the fine particles, ions and electrons in which the fine particles themselves are decayed in plasma to be separated into protons, neutrons and electrons by electromagnetic waves in shape of standing waves emitted from a wall surface 1a and large-strength electromagnetic waves generated at an uncertain period through amplification functions of the fine particles, so that hydrogen is obtained, and heat is obtained in such a manner that protons and neutrons are mainly reunited with each other in a plasma atmosphere after the plasma decay when gas to be treated is supplied into the plasma space.