The invention relates to a method for ultra-dehydrating thickened or pasty biomass products, in particular sludge from wastewater treatment plants, according to which the products, in particular products having a dryness of 4% to 25%, are subjected to the following steps: hydrothermal carbonization treatment, including pressurization (1, 2) and thermal conditioning (30) for a duration in a closed reactor (4); followed by dehydration of the products by a ram press (12), obtaining a dryness of more than 50%; the temperature of the product upstream from the ram press dehydration being regulated by cooling between 40? C. and 90? C., advantageously to around 70? C., in order to optimize the filterability in the piston press; the steps of the method being performed in a confined space making it possible to prevent the release of smells into the atmosphere.

Provided is a sludge drying composite conditioner. The sludge drying composite conditioner comprises a Fenton's reagent or/and Fenton-like reagent and a matrix construct, the weight ratio between the Fenton's reagent or/and the Fenton-like reagent and the matrix construct is 1:0.05 to 300, and the matrix construct is powder. Further provided is an application method of the sludge drying composite conditioner, which comprises the steps of: adding a Fenton's reagent or/and Fenton-like reagent in a sludge, performing stirring and mixing, and performing an oxidation reaction; and adding a matrix construct to the sludge added with the Fenton's reagent or/and Fenton-like reagent and performing stirring and mixing. For the sludge drying composite conditioner, through the coordinated effect of the Fenton's reagent or/and Fenton-like reagent and the powder matrix construct, the extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge are effectively damaged, the compressibility of organic matter is reduced, and the drying performance of sludge is improved. The application method thereof has a simple working process and easily controllable conditions and reduces the drying time for sludge, thereby achieving large-scale treatment of sludge.

Compositions for converting contaminants or dispersing compounds are described. Systems and methods of using the compositions are also disclosed.

A composition is provided including biospheres and bacteria, wherein the biospheres are cellulosic biopolymers and sized in the range from 500 nanometers to 80 microns and have a minimum free swell absorption capacity of 400 times by weight and a maximum free swell absorption capacity of 1200 times by weight, wherein the composition is formable as a gelatinous matrix.

Disclosed herein are processes, systems, and catalysts for improving pyrolysis technology. The disclosed processes and systems utilize a catalyst to increase pyrolysis gas (py-gas) and decrease bio-oil yields in pyrolysis reactions. The disclosed catalysts may include biochar derived from pyrolysis of industrial residuals, such as pyrolysis of wastewater biosolids (WB) and paper mill sludge (PMS). The disclosed catalysts also may include ash derived from incineration of wastewater biosolids (biosolids incineration ash (BIA)).

A human waste processing system adapted to process both human solid and liquid waste deposited into a toilet or similar vessel and to process the waste for further use and/or convenient disposal. The present system is specifically configured for use with low-water-volume flush toilets and dry toilets. In particular, the present system is configured to separate solid waste and liquid waste with liquid waste being processed via a plurality of sequential filtration stages and with the solid waste being processed by thermal decomposition such as pyrolysis/torrefaction processing.

A fluidized bed biogasifier is provided for gasifying biosolids. A feeder feeds biosolids into a reactor vessel at a desired feed rate during steady-state operation. A fluidized bed in the base of the reactor vessel has a cross-sectional area that is proportional to at least the fuel feed rate such that the superficial velocity of gas is in the range of 0.1 m/s to 3 m/s. The biosolids are heated inside the fluidized bed reactor to a temperature range between 900 F. and 1700 F. in an oxygen-starved environment having a sub stoichiometric oxygen level, whereby the biosolids are gasified. A burner system having a hooded nozzle below the fluidized bed in the reactor vessel provides high temperature gas to the biogasifier.

A hierarchical catalyst composition comprising a continuous or particulate macroporous scaffold in which is incorporated mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles, wherein an enzyme is embedded in mesopores of the mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles. Methods for synthesizing the hierarchical catalyst composition are also described. Also described are processes that use the recoverable hierarchical catalyst composition for depolymerizing lignin, remediation of water contaminated with aromatic substances, polymerizing monomers by a free-radical mechanism, epoxidation of alkenes, halogenation of phenols, inhibiting growth and function of microorganisms in a solution, and carbon dioxide conversion to methanol. Further described are methods for increasing the space time yield and/or total turnover number of a liquid-phase chemical reaction that includes magnetic particles to facilitate the chemical reaction, the method comprising subjecting the chemical reaction to a plurality of magnetic fields of selected magnetic strength, relative position in the chemical reaction, and relative motion.

A sludge dehydrating system and a method thereof based on a thermal hydrolysis technology include: a homogeneous slurry unit, a hydrothermal unit, a flash reactor, a waste heat recovery unit, and a dehydrator; wherein a viscosity of sludge is lowered by homogenously slurrying before entering a pump, which is conducive to transportation; a sludge tank firstly crashes and then quantitatively transports for improving a homogenizing efficiency; a diluent is sludge dehydrated filtrate which is mixed with flash steam in an ejector, wherein an mixing efficiency is high; during homogenously slurrying, waste steam generated is added into a sludge diluent pipe for being absorbed; a hydrothermal unit include a variety of forms such as an intermittent form and a continuous form, in such a manner that reaction parameters, especially reaction time are effectively guaranteed; the flash steam enters the homogeneous slurry unit for heating the sludge.

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. Systems, methods and equipment are described for upgrading process streams using electrodialysis or electrodialysis reversal.