Methods for precipitating solids comprising asphaltenes and/or paraffins that may include precipitating the solid and contacting the solid with a surface comprising a bonded layer coating or alternatively may include precipitating the solid in the presence of such a surface, wherein the bonded layer is a molecularly bonded layer or a covalently bonded layer. The method for treating a liquid containing contaminants comprising asphaltenes and/or paraffins may include inserting into the liquid, a surface as described above, or further coating surfaces within the liquid with a bonded layer coating.

A method for installing a device into a crude oil service operation, the method may include installing the device into a section of the crude oil service operation, wherein the device comprises a surface comprising a Self-Assembled Monolayer of Phosphonate (SAMP) coating, and may also include contacting the surface with the contaminant, wherein the contaminant is selected from the group consisting of paraffins and asphaltenes. Various systems include one having a liquid environment of paraffins and asphaltene, and a surface residing within the environment comprising a Self-Assembled Monolayer of Phosphonate (SAMP) composition. Systems also include pipelines and vessels having an internal surface therein comprising a Self-Assembled Monolayer of Phosphonate (SAMP) composition, and with hydrocarbon liquids present in the pipeline or vessel.

A method for installing a device into a crude oil service operation, the method may include installing the device into a section of the crude oil service operation, wherein the device comprises a surface comprising a monolayer coating, and may also include contacting the surface with the contaminant, wherein the contaminant is selected from the group consisting of paraffins and asphaltenes. Various systems include one having a liquid environment of paraffins and asphaltene, and a surface residing within the environment comprising a monolayer composition. Systems also include pipelines and vessels having an internal surface therein comprising a monolayer composition, and with hydrocarbon liquids present in the pipeline or vessel.

Methods for precipitating solids comprising asphaltenes and/or paraffins that may include precipitating the solid and contacting the solid with a surface comprising a monolayer coating or alternatively may include precipitating the solid in the presence of such a surface. The method for treating a liquid containing contaminants comprising asphaltenes and/or paraffins may include inserting into the liquid, a surface as described above, or further coating surfaces within the liquid with a monolayer coating.

The invention relates to a micro cooling element (1) with a mounting surface (2) for a component to be cooled, in particular a semiconductor component, which has within it a micro cooling structure (3) which is connected by connection channels (4) to at least one inflow opening (4a) and at least one outflow opening (4b) by means of which a cooling medium can be supplied to the micro cooling structure (3) or be discharged from the latter, and which is characterized in that it is formed from at least two different powdery and/or liquid, in particular metallic and/or ceramic, materials or material mixtures (10) while maintaining a monolithic structure, wherein regions of different stresses (I, II) of the micro cooling element (1) are built by a powdery and/or liquid, in particular metallic and/or ceramic materials or material mixtures (10) being adapted to the stress respectively. The invention further relates to an apparatus and a process for producing a micro cooling element according to the invention.