Disclosed are field effect transistor-based (FET-based) sensors for the rapid and accurate detection of analytes both in vivo and in vitro. The FET-based sensors can include a substrate, a channel disposed on the substrate, a source electrode and a drain electrode electrically connected to the channel, and a recognition element for an analyte of interest immobilized on the surface of the channel via a linking group. The distance between the recognition element and the channel can be configured such that association of the analyte of interest with the recognition element induces a change in the electrical properties of the channel. In this way, an analyte of interest can be detected by measuring a change in an electrical property of the channel. Also provided are devices, including probes and multi-well plates, incorporating the FET-based sensors.

A method for sequencing a nucleic acid template includes forming a nanowire assembly including a semiconductor nanowire and a probe covalently bound to the semiconductor nanowire; contacting the nanowire assembly with a template nucleic acid; contacting the nucleic acid duplexes with an extension nucleic acid, the extension nucleic acid joined to the probe; disrupting the nucleic acid duplexes; and measuring an electrical characteristic of a nanowire assembly of the set of nanowire assemblies.

Methods of inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzymes are provided that can be used for improving the treatment of diseases by preventing degradation of drugs or other molecules by cytochrome P450. Pharmaceutical compositions are provided that can act as boosters to improve the pharmacokinetics, enhance the bioavailability, and enhance the therapeutic effect of drugs that undergo in vivo degradation by cytochrome P450 enzymes.

The present invention provides a high purity heparin useful to be a pharmaceutical product, cosmetics, research reagent, or the like, and a method for producing the same, more specifically, a heparin which does not substantially contain a nitrous acid degradation-resistant impurity and a method for producing a heparin, comprising mixing an aqueous solution of 5 to 30% by weight of the heparin with ethanol having an amount (volume) 0.2 to 1 times the amount (volume) of the aqueous heparin solution to obtain a colloidal precipitate of heparin.