The invention provides a delayed release dosage form and a bolus configured for administration to an animal, wherein said dosage form and said bolus is configured to release a hydrophobic substance to the animal over a period of time. Preferably the hydrophobic substance is a haloform. Also provided is the use of the delayed release dosage form or bolus of the invention to reduce methane production in a ruminant animal. Also provided is the method of manufacturing a bolus of the invention.

The invention provides a delayed release dosage form and a bolus configured for administration to an animal, wherein the dosage form and the bolus is configured to release a hydrophobic substance to the animal over a period of time. Preferably the hydrophobic substance is a haloform. Also provided is the use of the delayed release dosage form or bolus of the invention to reduce methane production in a ruminant animal. Also provided is the method of manufacturing a bolus of the invention.

Feed additive including sodium carbonate feed additive polyphenol particles can be fed to animals to reduce methane or carbon dioxide emission. The feed additive polyphenol particles can be prepared by reacting phenols with sodium percarbonate (2Na.sub.2CO.sub.3.3H.sub.2O.sub.2) in a solution of water, a peroxidase and a dispersing agent. The sodium percarbonate can be dissolved in the water solution to generate sodium and carbonate ions, which can be incorporated to the polyphenol particles for assisting the animals in digesting the feed additive. The dispersing agent can be used to limit the sizes of the particles to facilitate the consumption of the feed additive by the animals.

Some embodiments of the present livestock structures comprise a floor, wherein the floor is configured to support livestock housing; a roof, wherein a majority of the roof is substantially parallel to the floor; and one or more supporting structures configured to support the roof; in some embodiments, the floor comprises a non-zero slope. Some embodiments of the present livestock structures comprise a passageway extending a majority of a distance between a first side and an opposing second side of the structure, wherein the passageway is positioned at an elevation that is below an elevation of the floor.

The present invention includes the complete genome sequence for the methanogen, Methanobrevibacter ruminan-tium, including polynucleotides which encode M. ruminantium polypeptides or peptides, as well as polynucleotides from non-coding regions. Also included are the encoded M. ruminantium polypeptides and peptides, and antibodies directed to these peptides or polypeptides, in addition to expression vectors and host cells for producing these peptides, polypeptides, polynucleotides, and antibodies. The invention further includes methods and compositions for detecting, targeting, and inhibiting microbial cells, especially methanogen cells such as M. ruminantium cells, using one or more of the disclosed peptides, polypeptides, polynucleotides, antibodies, expression vectors, and host cells.

A novel and distinct variety of Asparagopsis taxiformis, provided as a source of halogenated compounds.

Feed additive including sodium carbonate feed additive polyphenol particles can be fed to animals to reduce methane or carbon dioxide emission. The feed additive polyphenol particles can be prepared by reacting phenols with sodium percarbonate (2Na.sub.2CO.sub.3.3H.sub.2O.sub.2) in a solution of water, a peroxidase and a dispersing agent. The sodium percarbonate can be dissolved in the water solution to generate sodium and carbonate ions, which can be incorporated to the polyphenol particles for assisting the animals in digesting the feed additive. The dispersing agent can be used to limit the sizes of the particles to facilitate the consumption of the feed additive by the animals.

Embodiments herein relate to compositions herein can include one or more of a tomato extract, a rhubarb extract, a garlic extract, a cashew shell composition, and a saponin composition, wherein the composition prevents or reduces methanogenesis in animals. Embodiments herein also relate to compositions including one or more of glycoalkaloids, saponins, anthraquinones, anacardic acid, and allicin and methods for using the same for mitigating methanogenesis in animals. In an embodiment, a composition can include glycoalkaloids, such as α-tomatine, that can prevent methanogenesis. In an embodiment, a method of processing animal feed is included. In an embodiment, a method of treating an animal to reduce methanogenesis is included. Other embodiments are also included herein.

The subject invention provides compositions and methods for reducing atmospheric methane and/or nitrous oxide emissions using livestock feed additives and/or supplements. In preferred embodiments, a composition comprising a beneficial microorganism and/or a growth by-product thereof is contacted with animal feed and/or drinking water prior to the animal ingesting it. The composition is capable of, for example, controlling methanogenic microorganisms within the animal's digestive system, and thus, reducing the amount of enteric methane emissions produced from the animal and from the animal's waste.

The present invention includes the complete genome sequence for the methanogen, Methanobrevibacter ruminan-tium, including polynucleotides which encode M. ruminantium polypeptides or peptides, as well as polynucleotides from non-coding regions. Also included are the encoded M. ruminantium polypeptides and peptides, and antibodies directed to these peptides or polypeptides, in addition to expression vectors and host cells for producing these peptides, polypeptides, polynucleotides, and antibodies. The invention further includes methods and compositions for detecting, targeting, and inhibiting microbial cells, especially methanogen cells such as M. ruminantium cells, using one or more of the disclosed peptides, polypeptides, polynucleotides, antibodies, expression vectors, and host cells.