[OBJECT] To provide an evaporator which can improve heat exchange performance.

[SOLVING MEANS] An evaporator including a metal wall and a porous metal film directly connected to the metal wall, wherein the porous metal film has communication holes having an average pore size of 8 μm or less, and the porous metal film has a porosity of 50% or more.

Devices and methods of allocating distributed energy resources (DERs) to loads connected to a microgrid based on the cost of the DERs are provided. The devices and methods may determine one or more microgrid measurements. The devices and methods may determine one or more real-time electricity prices associated with utility generation sources. The devices and methods may determine one or more forecasts. The devices and methods may determine a cost associated with one or more renewable energy sources within the microgrid. The devices and methods may determine an allocation of the renewable sources to one or more loads in the microgrid.

A multi-power distributed storage system including a first power source; a second power source electrically connected to a common bus with the first power source; a single input port inverter electrically connected to the common bus. The system including a controller configured to communicate with at least the second power source, and the single input port inverter. The second power source including a plurality of battery banks and a plurality of bi-directional DC/DC converters configured to charge and discharge the plurality of battery banks and provide DC to the single input port inverter.

A system for intelligent monitoring and management of an electrical system is disclosed. The system includes a data acquisition component, a power analytics server and a client terminal. The data acquisition component acquires real-time data output from the electrical system. The power analytics server is comprised of a real-time energy pricing engine, virtual system modeling engine, an analytics engine, a machine learning engine and a schematic user interface creator engine. The real-time energy pricing engine generates real-time utility power pricing data. The virtual system modeling engine generates predicted data output for the electrical system. The analytics engine monitors real-time data output and predicted data output of the electrical system. The machine learning engine stores and processes patterns observed from the real-time data output and the predicted data output to forecast an aspect of the electrical system.

A microgrid system and method of controlling same, the microgrid system comprising a storage battery (5000), an energy storage converter (1000), a monitoring circuit and a controllable switch (2000). When the microgrid system is in grid-connected mode, the energy storage converter outputs steady power under the control of an inner current loop unit (1220); in grid-connected mode, an outer voltage loop unit (1240) does not participate in control, but remains in an operating state, and on the basis of four outer voltage loop unit input signals, estimates in advance a specified current loop signal (U.sub.vo) for handover from grid-connected mode to island mode. When the microgrid system hands over from grid-connected mode to island mode, the outer voltage loop unit goes into operation, and the inner current loop unit controls a steady output voltage and frequency from the energy storage converter according to the pre-estimated specified current loop signal output by the outer voltage loop unit. The outer voltage loop unit controls the outputted specified current loop signal to be identical before and after mode handover, and can realize seamless handover between grid-connected and island modes for the microgrid system.

Various embodiments include a method for determining a design of an energy system comprising: providing a plurality of values of a parameter of an optimization method using an extraction of the values according to a probability distribution of the parameter; specifying a respective single-target function of the energy system for each of the plurality of values; forming an overall target function using the single-target functions; and extremizing the overall target function using the optimization method.

The invention relates to a method for real-time scheduling of multi-energy complementary micro-grids based on a Rollout algorithm, which is technically characterized by comprising the following steps of: Step 1, setting up a moving-horizon Markov decision process model for the real-time scheduling of the multi-energy complementary micro-grids with random new-energy outputs, and establishing constraint conditions for the real-time scheduling; Step 2, establishing a target function of the real-time scheduling; Step 3, dividing a single complete scheduling cycle into a plurality of scheduling intervals, and finding one basic feasible solution meeting the constraint conditions for the real-time scheduling based on a greedy algorithm; and Step 4, finding a solution to the moving-horizon Markov decision process model for the real-time scheduling of the multi-energy complementary micro-grids by using the Rollout algorithm based on the basic feasible solution from Step 3. With the consideration of the fluctuations in the new-energy outputs, the present invention solves the problems of low speed and low efficiency of a traditional algorithm at the same time, enabling high-speed efficient multi-energy complementary micro-grid real-time scheduling.

Techniques are disclosed for providing a variable output micro-grid frequency in order to cause loads and producers coupled to a micro-grid to change operating modes/behaviors accordingly. For example, the utility frequency delivered via the micro-grid may be used as a control signal for the purposes of demand response, e.g., increasing or decreasing load, energy storage control, e.g., to cause storage of energy or the discharging of energy, and generator output curtailment as is mandated by generator interconnection standards such as UL1741 for output power curtailment under high frequency.

The present invention relates to a district thermal energy distribution system comprising a thermal energy circuit comprising a hot and a cold conduit for allowing flow of heat transfer liquid therethrough, a thermal energy consumer heat exchanger and a thermal energy generator heat exchanger. The thermal energy consumer heat exchanger is selectively connected to the hot conduit via a thermal energy consumer valve or a thermal energy consumer pump. The thermal energy generator heat exchanger is selectively connected to the cold conduit via a thermal energy generator valve or a thermal energy generator pump.

A control method for an electrical grid arrangement which includes one or more electric generators and one or more power stores is provided. The grid arrangement is connected or can be connected to a main grid in a controllable manner to draw current. A current withdrawal allocation is defined, which is provided for withdrawal by the grid arrangement from the main grid within a withdrawal time interval. The control method includes determining one or more optimization conditions on the basis of the current withdrawal allocation for a control time interval which is shorter than the withdrawal time interval, and carrying out an optimization of an optimization variable on the basis of the one or more optimization conditions for the control time interval on the basis of time steps having an increment which is shorter than. The method also includes controlling the grid arrangement on the basis of the optimization.