a vehicle cooling air introduction structure includes: an outer plate member that covers a front side, relative to a vehicle body, of a radiator; a cover member that is provided adjacent to an upper side, relative to the vehicle body, of the outer plate member and covers a front upper side, relative to the vehicle body, of the radiator; and an opening member that is moved in a rearward direction, relative to the vehicle body, by wind pressure during travel to thereby open an open portion at a lower end portion of the cover member.

An aerodynamic mud flap includes a body having a first lateral side, an opposite second lateral side, an upper end, an opposite lower end, a front face, and an opposite rear face. The body extends in a horizontal, vertical, and transverse directions. The body has a generally planar upper portion extending vertically from the upper end to a horizontal transition line, and an arcuate lower portion extending vertically from the transition line to the lower end. The lower portion is curved along the vertical direction such that the lower end of the body is offset from the upper end in the transverse direction and is disposed rearward of the upper end. A plurality of octagonal openings in the body extend from the front face to the rear face to allow for air flow through the mud flap from the front side to the rear side.

Tire cooling systems operatively disposed along a vehicle body adjacent a vehicle tire include a deflector panel displaceable between retracted and deployed positions. In the retracted position, a first nominal volume of air flows along the vehicle tire during operation. In the deployed position, a second nominal volume of air that is greater than the first nominal volume of air is directed along the vehicle tire. An actuator is selectively operable to displace the deflector panel between the retracted and deployed positions. A sensor registers data having a relation to a physical characteristic or health condition of the vehicle tire. A controller executes instructions to determine using the data whether or not the physical characteristic of the vehicle tire exceeds a predetermined threshold as well as control displacement of the deflector panel. Vehicles including tire cooling systems and method of operation are also included.

A transport refrigeration system (1) includes a transportation refrigeration unit (37); a generator (11) connected to a wheel axle (7A) of the transport refrigeration system (1), the wheel axle (7A) being coupled to a wheel (5), wherein the generator (11) is configured to be driven to generate electricity by rotation of the wheel axle (7A) and to supply that electricity to the transportation refrigeration unit (37); and a damper (23) connected to the wheel axle (7A) between the wheel (5) and the generator (11). Short spikes or pulsations in torque along the wheel axle (7A) resulting from, e.g., harsh braking or wheel blocking can be, dampened, either wholly or partly, by the damper (23) such that damage to the transport refrigeration system (1) can be avoided.

A transport refrigeration system including: a transportation refrigeration unit configured to provide conditioned air to a refrigerated cargo space; an energy storage device configured to store DC electrical energy to power the transportation refrigeration unit; and a DC-to-AC variable invertor electrically connecting the energy storage device to the transportation refrigeration unit, the DC-to-AC variable invertor being configured to convert the DC electrical energy from the energy storage device to AC electrical energy in a variable continuous energy output to power the transportation refrigeration unit.