Disclosed herein are gastrointestinal tract (G1) bacteria and methods for treating or preventing an irradiation-induced intestinal damage in a subject, the methods comprising administering a G1 bacterium to the subject, wherein the G1 bacterium comprises a vector that comprises a polynucleotide encoding IL-22 and/or IFN-P, or a functional fragment thereof.

Disclosed herein are methods for reversing hepatic steatosis by providing a consumable composition. Some embodiments provided include, for example, administering a compound of Formula (I) or compound of Formula (II). Some embodiments provide the composition is formulated as a dietary supplement, food ingredient or additive, a medical food, nutraceutical or pharmaceutical composition.

In an aspect of the present application, a composition for preventing or treating skin damage in skin of a mammalian subject in need thereof can include at least one autophagy promoter and at least one diuretic. The at least one autophagy promoter and the at least one diuretic, in combination, can each be present in an amount sufficient to prevent or treat the skin damage. In another aspect, the present application includes a method for preventing or treating skin damage in skin of a mammalian subject in need thereof whereby the composition can be administered to the subject in a therapeutically effective amount to prevent or treat the skin damage.

In an aspect of the present application, a composition for preventing or treating skin damage in skin of a mammalian subject in need thereof can include at least one autophagy promoter and at least one diuretic. The at least one autophagy promoter and the at least one diuretic, in combination, can each be present in an amount sufficient to prevent or treat the skin damage. In another aspect, the present application includes a method for preventing or treating skin damage in skin of a mammalian subject in need thereof whereby the composition can be administered to the subject in a therapeutically effective amount to prevent or treat the skin damage.

In an aspect of the present application, a composition for preventing or treating skin damage in skin of a mammalian subject in need thereof can include at least one autophagy promoter and at least one diuretic. The at least one autophagy promoter and the at least one diuretic, in combination, can each be present in an amount sufficient to prevent or treat the skin damage. In another aspect, the present application includes a method for preventing or treating skin damage in skin of a mammalian subject in need thereof whereby the composition can be administered to the subject in a therapeutically effective amount to prevent or treat the skin damage.

The present disclosure provides crystalline forms of tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl-3-furanmethanamine (A2-73), in freebase or salt forms. Also described are pharmaceutical formulations and dosage forms comprising the disclosed crystal forms, and methods of using crystalline A2-73 in dosage forms for neuroprotection including treatment of neurodegenerative and other diseases.

A particulate material comprising porous polymeric particles is described. The porous polymeric particles have an average pore diameter of from 2 to 50 nm and a volume mean particle diameter D[4,3] of less than 100 μm. The material is obtained or obtainable by spray-drying a polymer solution. The particles find use as a solubility-enhancing carrier for active pharmaceutical compounds. Methods of manufacturing the particulate material and pharmaceutical compositions including the particulate material loaded with one or more active pharmaceutical compounds are also described.

Provided are an odorant receptor marker of microglia and a use thereof, and according to the odorant receptor marker of microglia and a use thereof according to one aspect, microglia may be detected by measuring an activity or expression level of a protein of an odorant receptor (OR) Olfr110 or Olfr111, and OR ligands of microglia may be selected using them, and an inhibitor or activator against the interaction between the OR and 2-pentylfuran is effectively used in treatment of a neuroinflammatory disease or meningitis.

Provided are an odorant receptor marker of microglia and a use thereof, and according to the odorant receptor marker of microglia and a use thereof according to one aspect, microglia may be detected by measuring an activity or expression level of a protein of an odorant receptor (OR) Olfr110 or Olfr111, and OR ligands of microglia may be selected using them, and an inhibitor or activator against the interaction between the OR and 2-pentylfuran is effectively used in treatment of a neuroinflammatory disease or meningitis.

A pharmaceutical preparation comprising ⊖A2-73 substantially free of A2-73. This invention further includes a method treating Alzeheimer's disease in a subject in need of such treatment by the method of administering a therapeutically effective amount of ⊖A2-73 substantially free of A2-73.

This invention yet further includes a method of classifying cells as to sigma receptor type by the method of exposing said cells to a detectable amount of ⊖A2-73 substantially free of A2-73 and determining the level of sigma receptor binding.