Disclosed is a method for moisturizing skin in need thereof, the method comprising topically applying to the skin a composition that includes effective amounts of an extract from Echinacea purpurea, an extract from Silybum marianum, and glycerin, wherein topical application of the composition activates human cannabinoid receptor type 2 and inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase activity in the skin and treats the skin.

Disclosed is a method for moisturizing skin in need thereof, the method comprising topically applying to the skin a composition that includes effective amounts of an extract from Echinacea purpurea, an extract from Silybum marianum, and glycerin, wherein topical application of the composition activates human cannabinoid receptor type 2 and inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase activity in the skin and treats the skin.

Disclosed is a method for moisturizing skin in need thereof, the method comprising topically applying to the skin a composition that includes effective amounts of an extract from Echinacea purpurea, an extract from Silybum marianum, and glycerin, wherein topical application of the composition activates human cannabinoid receptor type 2 and inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase activity in the skin and treats the skin.

Amino acid formulations useful for treating diarrhea in a subject in need thereof are described herein. Such amino acid formulations and methods comprising administering same to a subject are useful for treating diarrhea, particularly diarrhea caused by or associated with bacterial infections wherein secretagogue-stimulated anion secretion from the intestinal crypt contributes to at least one symptom of diarrhea in the subject. Use of these amino acid formulations for the treatment of diarrhea in general or diarrhea associated with secretagogue-stimulated anion secretion from the intestinal crypt are encompassed herein, as are their use in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of diarrhea in general or diarrhea associated with secretagogue-stimulated anion secretion from the intestinal crypt.

Amino acid formulations useful for treating diarrhea in a subject in need thereof are described herein. Such amino acid formulations and methods comprising administering same to a subject are useful for treating diarrhea, particularly diarrhea caused by or associated with bacterial infections wherein secretagogue-stimulated anion secretion from the intestinal crypt contributes to at least one symptom of diarrhea in the subject. Use of these amino acid formulations for the treatment of diarrhea in general or diarrhea associated with secretagogue-stimulated anion secretion from the intestinal crypt are encompassed herein, as are their use in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of diarrhea in general or diarrhea associated with secretagogue-stimulated anion secretion from the intestinal crypt.

Amino acid formulations useful for treating diarrhea in a subject in need thereof are described herein. Such amino acid formulations and methods comprising administering same to a subject are useful for treating diarrhea, particularly diarrhea caused by or associated with bacterial infections wherein secretagogue-stimulated anion secretion from the intestinal crypt contributes to at least one symptom of diarrhea in the subject. Use of these amino acid formulations for the treatment of diarrhea in general or diarrhea associated with secretagogue-stimulated anion secretion from the intestinal crypt are encompassed herein, as are their use in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of diarrhea in general or diarrhea associated with secretagogue-stimulated anion secretion from the intestinal crypt.

Provided herein are spirolactone compounds of Formula I that are useful as inhibitors of ACC1 and/or ACC2. The spirolactone compounds described herein can be used for treating a disease or disorder associated with aberrant ACC1 and/or ACC2 activities, for example, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), acne, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the spirolactone compound of Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. ##STR00001##

Provided herein are spirolactone compounds of Formula I that are useful as inhibitors of ACC1 and/or ACC2. The spirolactone compounds described herein can be used for treating a disease or disorder associated with aberrant ACC1 and/or ACC2 activities, for example, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), acne, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the spirolactone compound of Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. ##STR00001##

Phosphonium-based ionic conjugates (PBICs) are described. The PBICs each include a cationic binding partner comprising a phosphonium ion and an anionic binding partner comprising a pharmaceutically active compound, or prodrug, or derivative thereof. The conjugate can have at least one enhanced physiochemical, pharmacokinetic and/or therapeutic quality as compared to the pharmaceutically active compound when not provided in a PBIC. The phosphonium-containing cationic binding partner can also serve to enhance delivery of the anionic binding partner to the cytosol and/or the inner mitochondrial space. Methods of preparing the PBICs and using the PBICs to treat disease are also described.

Phosphonium-based ionic conjugates (PBICs) are described. The PBICs each include a cationic binding partner comprising a phosphonium ion and an anionic binding partner comprising a pharmaceutically active compound, or prodrug, or derivative thereof. The conjugate can have at least one enhanced physiochemical, pharmacokinetic and/or therapeutic quality as compared to the pharmaceutically active compound when not provided in a PBIC. The phosphonium-containing cationic binding partner can also serve to enhance delivery of the anionic binding partner to the cytosol and/or the inner mitochondrial space. Methods of preparing the PBICs and using the PBICs to treat disease are also described.