The inventive subject matter is directed to compositions and methods for sterile and storage stable low-dose atropine formulations with improved stability. Most preferably, the compositions presented herein are substantially preservative free and exhibit less than 0.35% tropic acid from degradation of atropine. Advantageously, contemplated formulations are also substantially free of preservatives.

This disclosure is directed to treatment of addictions and primary impulse-control disorders using phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) inhibitors, alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents.

This disclosure is directed to treatment of addictions and primary impulse-control disorders using phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) inhibitors, alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents.

The present application provides methods of treating overactive bladder and methods of training or retraining bladder, prolonging symptom relief, improving the quality of life and/or neuronal remodeling in an individual having overactive bladder, by administering an effective amount of trospium locally to the bladder of the individual for at least about 24 hours.

Provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising two or more compounds, wherein each compound is independently a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, an adenosine receptor antagonist, a calcium channel blocker, a histamine H.sub.1-receptor agonist, a histamine H.sub.2-receptor agonist, a histamine H.sub.3-receptor antagonist, or a β.sub.2-adrenoreceptor agonist. Also provided herein is a method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating a cardiovascular disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof two or more compounds, wherein each compound is independently a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, an adenosine receptor antagonist, a calcium channel blocker, a histamine H.sub.1-receptor agonist, a histamine H.sub.2-receptor agonist, a histamine H.sub.3-receptor antagonist, or a β.sub.2-adrenoreceptor agonist.

Provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising two or more compounds, wherein each compound is independently a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, an adenosine receptor antagonist, a calcium channel blocker, a histamine H.sub.1-receptor agonist, a histamine H.sub.2-receptor agonist, a histamine H.sub.3-receptor antagonist, or a β.sub.2-adrenoreceptor agonist. Also provided herein is a method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating a cardiovascular disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof two or more compounds, wherein each compound is independently a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, an adenosine receptor antagonist, a calcium channel blocker, a histamine H.sub.1-receptor agonist, a histamine H.sub.2-receptor agonist, a histamine H.sub.3-receptor antagonist, or a β.sub.2-adrenoreceptor agonist.

The present application provides methods of treating overactive bladder and methods of training or retraining bladder, prolonging symptom relief, improving the quality of life and/or neuronal remodeling in an individual having overactive bladder, by administering an effective amount of trospium locally to the bladder of the individual for at least about 24 hours.

This disclosure provides combinations and methods for improving liver function, e.g., in a subject having a liver disease or disorder, or treating or preventing a liver disease or disorder, e.g., with hyperammonemia or muscle wasting in a subject.

This disclosure provides combinations and methods for improving liver function, e.g., in a subject having a liver disease or disorder, or treating or preventing a liver disease or disorder, e.g., with hyperammonemia or muscle wasting in a subject.

This disclosure provides combinations and methods for improving liver function, e.g., in a subject having a liver disease or disorder, or treating or preventing a liver disease or disorder, e.g., with hyperammonemia or muscle wasting in a subject.