It is proposed that dissipation of relative benefit during long-term treatment is due to long-term tolerance to stimulant medications. To improve adherence and persistence of medication use, it is advantageous to develop medications that are not undermined by long-term tolerance. Disclosed herein in certain implementations are formulations and methods relating to an alternative formulation of medication for the treatment of ADHD based on two principles: (a) retaining the initial immediate-release component of controlled-release formulations that targets a neural mechanism, which elicits acute tolerance, and (b) replacing the subsequent sustained-release component with a medication that maintains the initial benefit by targeting a different neural mechanism does not elicit tolerance, thus allowing more time for acute tolerance elicited by the initial bolus dose of stimulant medication to dissipate completely each day and avoid carry-over and accumulation that results in long-term tolerance.

It is proposed that dissipation of relative benefit during long-term treatment is due to long-term tolerance to stimulant medications. To improve adherence and persistence of medication use, it is advantageous to develop medications that are not undermined by long-term tolerance. Disclosed herein in certain implementations are formulations and methods relating to an alternative formulation of medication for the treatment of ADHD based on two principles: (a) retaining the initial immediate-release component of controlled-release formulations that targets a neural mechanism, which elicits acute tolerance, and (b) replacing the subsequent sustained-release component with a medication that maintains the initial benefit by targeting a different neural mechanism does not elicit tolerance, thus allowing more time for acute tolerance elicited by the initial bolus dose of stimulant medication to dissipate completely each day and avoid carry-over and accumulation that results in long-term tolerance.

Provide herein are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions suitable as modulators of hemoglobin, methods and intermediates for their preparation, and methods for their use in treating disorders mediated by hemoglobin and disorders that would benefit from tissue and/or cellular oxygenation.

Provide herein are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions suitable as modulators of hemoglobin, methods and intermediates for their preparation, and methods for their use in treating disorders mediated by hemoglobin and disorders that would benefit from tissue and/or cellular oxygenation.

The present invention relates to use of an aminomethylenecyclohexane-1,3-dione compound, more particularly to use of a compound shown in the following formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof alone or in combination with other drug in preparing a drug for regulating or treating a disease related to autophagy, especially mammalian ATG8 homologous proteins. ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to use of an aminomethylenecyclohexane-1,3-dione compound, more particularly to use of a compound shown in the following formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof alone or in combination with other drug in preparing a drug for regulating or treating a disease related to autophagy, especially mammalian ATG8 homologous proteins. ##STR00001##

Small molecule activators of interferon regulatory factor (IRF), such as IRF3, and methods of use are provided. In particular, compositions and methods for upregulating interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) activity, such as in the brain following stroke to provide potent protection against ischemic brain injury, to improve a therapeutic time window for providing treatments to stroke patients and/or for enhancement of vaccine platforms are disclosed.

A nitrogen-containing derivative of substituted phenol hydroxyl acid ester is represented by formula (I). A salt of the compound of formula (I) has good water solubility, and in vivo, can rapidly and completely release substituted phenols having a pharmacological effect, which can improve the water solubility of substituted phenols, rapidly exert the pharmacological effects of substituted phenols in vivo, and has good safety. The method for preparing the above-mentioned compound is provided. This compound can also be used in the preparation of drugs that produce anaesthesia and/or sedative and hypnotic effects on humans and animals.

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The invention provides a topical o/w emulsion which moisturizes, and protects, repairs or restores the skin lipid barrier of a mammal. The topical o/w emulsion composition comprises: a) a discontinuous oil phase; b) a continuous aqueous phase comprising water; c) a thickening agent; d) at least one lamellar membrane structure comprising (i) a phospholipid, (ii) a fatty alcohol, and (iii) a fatty acid; e) a pharmaceutically acceptable active agent; and f) optionally a dermatologically acceptable excipient. In one embodiment, the composition, in use, has a water vapor transmission rate of less than or about 75 g.Math.m.sup.−2.Math.hr.sup.−1 measured in vitro using the modWVTR test methodology.

The invention provides a topical o/w emulsion which moisturizes, and protects, repairs or restores the skin lipid barrier of a mammal. The topical o/w emulsion composition comprises: a) a discontinuous oil phase; b) a continuous aqueous phase comprising water; c) a thickening agent; d) at least one lamellar membrane structure comprising (i) a phospholipid, (ii) a fatty alcohol, and (iii) a fatty acid; e) a pharmaceutically acceptable active agent; and f) optionally a dermatologically acceptable excipient. In one embodiment, the composition, in use, has a water vapor transmission rate of less than or about 75 g.Math.m.sup.−2.Math.hr.sup.−1 measured in vitro using the modWVTR test methodology.