Provided herein are compositions for treating a disorder or a disease associated with or characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage in a subject, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compositions and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and pharmaceutical formulations comprising the compositions. Provided also herein are methods of treating a disorder or a disease associated with or characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage in a subject, and methods of regulating inflammation, antioxidant enzymes, and apoptosis in a subject having a disorder or a disease associated with or characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage.

Provided herein are compositions for treating a disorder or a disease associated with or characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage in a subject, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compositions and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and pharmaceutical formulations comprising the compositions. Provided also herein are methods of treating a disorder or a disease associated with or characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage in a subject, and methods of regulating inflammation, antioxidant enzymes, and apoptosis in a subject having a disorder or a disease associated with or characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage.

Provided is a composition for alleviating fatigue or enhancing exercise capability including extracts or fractions of Angelica gigas, Cnidium officinale, and Paeonia lactiflora as active ingredients. The composition including the extracts or fractions of Angelica gigas, Cnidium officinale, and Paeonia lactiflora as active ingredients may effectively alleviate fatigue accumulated in the body and enhance exercise capability by multilaterally controlling various factors involved in physical fatigue and/or enhancement of exercise capability. Specifically, the composition may effectively control the factors related to fatigue by increasing the expression level of HO-1 by activating the Nrf-2 pathway. Also, since extracts of natural plants or fractions thereof are used as active ingredients, the composition is completely harmless to the human body and may be used safely.

Provided is a composition for alleviating fatigue or enhancing exercise capability including extracts or fractions of Angelica gigas, Cnidium officinale, and Paeonia lactiflora as active ingredients. The composition including the extracts or fractions of Angelica gigas, Cnidium officinale, and Paeonia lactiflora as active ingredients may effectively alleviate fatigue accumulated in the body and enhance exercise capability by multilaterally controlling various factors involved in physical fatigue and/or enhancement of exercise capability. Specifically, the composition may effectively control the factors related to fatigue by increasing the expression level of HO-1 by activating the Nrf-2 pathway. Also, since extracts of natural plants or fractions thereof are used as active ingredients, the composition is completely harmless to the human body and may be used safely.

Provided is a composition for alleviating fatigue or enhancing exercise capability including extracts or fractions of Angelica gigas, Cnidium officinale, and Paeonia lactiflora as active ingredients. The composition including the extracts or fractions of Angelica gigas, Cnidium officinale, and Paeonia lactiflora as active ingredients may effectively alleviate fatigue accumulated in the body and enhance exercise capability by multilaterally controlling various factors involved in physical fatigue and/or enhancement of exercise capability. Specifically, the composition may effectively control the factors related to fatigue by increasing the expression level of HO-1 by activating the Nrf-2 pathway. Also, since extracts of natural plants or fractions thereof are used as active ingredients, the composition is completely harmless to the human body and may be used safely.

Provided herein are compositions for treating a disorder or a disease associated with or characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage in a subject, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compositions and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and nutraceutical compositions comprising the compositions and nutraceutically acceptable excipients. Provided also herein are methods of treating a disorder or a disease associated with or characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage in a subject in need thereof, methods of reducing, alleviating, or delaying a sign or a symptom of a disorder characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage in a subject in need thereof, and methods of regulating inflammation, antioxidant enzymes, and apoptosis in a subject having a disorder or a disease associated with or characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage.

Provided herein are compositions for treating a disorder or a disease associated with or characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage in a subject, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compositions and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and nutraceutical compositions comprising the compositions and nutraceutically acceptable excipients. Provided also herein are methods of treating a disorder or a disease associated with or characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage in a subject in need thereof, methods of reducing, alleviating, or delaying a sign or a symptom of a disorder characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage in a subject in need thereof, and methods of regulating inflammation, antioxidant enzymes, and apoptosis in a subject having a disorder or a disease associated with or characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage.

Provided herein are compositions for treating a disorder or a disease associated with or characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage in a subject, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compositions and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and nutraceutical compositions comprising the compositions and nutraceutically acceptable excipients. Provided also herein are methods of treating a disorder or a disease associated with or characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage in a subject in need thereof, methods of reducing, alleviating, or delaying a sign or a symptom of a disorder characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage in a subject in need thereof, and methods of regulating inflammation, antioxidant enzymes, and apoptosis in a subject having a disorder or a disease associated with or characterized by neuro-inflammation, neuro-apoptosis, or neuro-oxidative damage.

One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a functional food composition having a cranial nerve protective effect and a blood flow improvement effect and including antler, an Angelica gigasroot, a Cornus officinalis fruit, a Rehmannia glutinosa root, Lepidium meyenii root powder, a hawthorn fruit, an Astragalus membranaceus root, a cod seed, aloeo wood, a Paeonia lactiflora root, a Cnidium officinale root stem and a Citrus reticulata shell.

One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a functional food composition having a cranial nerve protective effect and a blood flow improvement effect and including antler, an Angelica gigasroot, a Cornus officinalis fruit, a Rehmannia glutinosa root, Lepidium meyenii root powder, a hawthorn fruit, an Astragalus membranaceus root, a cod seed, aloeo wood, a Paeonia lactiflora root, a Cnidium officinale root stem and a Citrus reticulata shell.