The present invention relates to a method for producing cholinergic neurons comprising obtaining neural progenitor cells from stem cells so as to continuously produce cholinergic neural cells with high purity and the same traits, followed by differentiating the neural progenitor cells into the cholinergic neurons, and cholinergic neurons produced therefrom. Since the method of preparing the cholinergic neurons provided in the present invention enables not only production of the cholinergic neurons with high purity, but also rapid production of the cholinergic neurons with the same traits, it can be widely used for effectively treating degenerative cranial nerve diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

In one aspect, a method of treating a condition associated with spinal cord injury is disclosed, wherein an agent that inhibits excitatory neurons and/or activates inhibitory interneurons may be administered to an individual in need thereof. Articles of manufacture and kits related to the disclosed methods are also disclosed.

The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition and methods of use thereof, for anti-inflammatory treatment, by altering expression and/or activity of CHRFAM7A, in leukocytes, as well as in epithelial cells.

Described herein are methods of treating or preventing a fungal infection by administering one or more compounds of the present invention to a subject. The methods of the present invention treat or prevent a fungal infection of C. neoformans, C. gattii, L. prolificans, C. albicans, or a combination thereof, as examples. The compounds of the present invention may be administered to a subject with other agents such as antifungal agents.

Disclosed are therapeutic payloads comprising p97 fragments coupled with active agents having blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport activity, including variants and combinations thereof, to facilitate delivery of therapeutic or diagnostic agents across the BBB. The therapeutic payloads can be effective in the treatment of frontotemportal dementia (FTD). Methods of treating frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and pharmaceutical compositions are also disclosed.

The present invention relates to combinations comprising a positive allosteric modulator (“PAM”) of metabotropic glutamatergic receptor subtype 2 (“mGluR2”) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof, or an orthosteric agonist of metabotropic glutamatergic receptor subtype 2 compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof, and a synaptic vesicle protein 2A (“SV2A”) ligand.

The present invention relates to a composition consisting of or containing peptides selected from the group consisting of or containing RD2, D3, homologs having at least 50% identity and derivatives of RD2 or D3 and also polymers containing or consisting of RD2/D3 homologs having at least 50% identity and derivatives of RD2 and under D3 for use as an analgesic, for use in pain therapy, for use in the treatment of chronic and/or neuropathic pain and/or for inhibiting N-type neuronal calcium channels (NCCs).

The present invention provides a therapy for treating neuropathic pain by subpial administration of small quantities of a composition for spinal segment-specific upregulation of GAD65 (glutamatedecarboxylase) gene and VGAT (vesicular GABA transporter) gene, which is effective for induction of nociceptive effects by potentiating release of vesicular GABA from infected dorsal horn neurons into the synaptic cleft.

Therapeutic Agents, Pharmaceutical Compositions, and Associated Biomarkers The invention relates to the identification of pharmaceutical compositions, therapeutic agents, peptides, nucleic acids, genetic constructs, vectors, cells, and medicaments, and their use in methods of treatment. For example, the treatment of neuropathological conditions, in particular Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, provided herein are biomarkers, methods for their use, methods of diagnosis, methods of monitoring disease progression, and methods for monitoring medicament efficacy, in particular for Alzheimer's disease.

The invention provides nucleic acids and nucleic acid expression vectors containing optimized mGluR6 promoters for expression of transgenes in the retina. The compositions and methods of the invention are useful for expression of gene products to preserve, improve, or restore phototransduction or vision.