A pipe-within-a-pipe and method of use are provided. The pipe-within-a-pipe comprises a first tube overlaying a second tube. The first tube and the second tube have different structures in some respect.

A hollow seamless pipe for a high-strength spring with reduced occurrence of decarburization in the inner and outer peripheral surfaces, hardened surface layers in the inner and outer peripheral surfaces during quenching, and sufficient fatigue strength is provided. The hollow seamless pipe contains a steel material, which includes 0.2 to 0.7 mass % of C, 0.5 to 3 mass % of Si, 0.1 to 2 mass % of Mn, more than 0 and 0.1 mass % or less of Al, more than 0 and 0.02 mass % or less of P, more than 0 and 0.02 mass % or less of S, and more than 0 and 0.02 mass % or less of N. The C content in the inner and outer peripheral surfaces is 0.10 mass % or more. A thickness of a whole decarburized layer in each of the inner peripheral surface and the outer peripheral surface is 200 m or less.

A method for producing a punch-riveted connection between a first component and a second component having a flat cross-section, and a composite component that includes the first component and the second component.

A method for making a tube is described in which a multi-layer billet is extruded to provide a tube having a wall comprising an inner layer metallurgically bonded to an outer layer.

A seamless steel pipe for a hollow spring includes C: 0.2 to 0.7 mass %, Si: 0.5 to 3 mass %, Mn: 0.1 to 2 mass %, Cr: 3 mass % or less (excluding 0 mass %), Al: 0.1 mass % or less (excluding 0 mass %), P: 0.02 mass % or less (excluding 0 mass %), S: 0.02 mass % or less (excluding 0 mass %) and N: 0.02 mass % or less (excluding 0 mass %). A residual austenite content in an inner surface layer part of the steel pipe is 5 vol. % or less. An average grain size of a ferrite-pearlite structure in the inner surface layer part of the steel pipe is 18 m or less. A number density of a carbide having a circle equivalent diameter of 500 nm or more and being present in the inner surface layer part of the steel pipe is 1.810.sup.2 particles/m.sup.2 or less.

A system for producing chemicals, such as, ethylene or gasoline, at high temperature (above 1100 degrees C.) having a feedstock source. The system includes a chemical conversion portion connected with the feedstock source to receive feedstock and convert the feedstock to ethylene or gasoline. The conversion portion includes a coil array and a furnace that heats the feedstock to temperatures in excess of 1100 C. or 1200 C. or even 1250 C. or even 1300 C. or even 1400 C. A method for producing chemicals, such as ethylene or gasoline, at high temperature.

In one aspect, an assembly is provided. The assembly includes a substrate having a top surface and an inner wall, the inner wall defining a cavity, and at least one metal foil layer ultrasonically welded to the substrate top surface using an ultrasonic additive manufacturing process. The at least one metal foil layer extends across the cavity to define a passage, and the at least one metal foil layer is substantially planar and is parallel to the substrate top surface.

A cast device useable with an image forming apparatus is provided. The cast device includes at least one tube and a cast body. The cast body includes the at least one tube implanted into the cast body using a combined casting process.

This vehicle body structural member is a vehicle body structural member (1) extending in a longitudinal direction, wherein, in at least a portion thereof in the longitudinal direction, a cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction satisfies the Expressions (1) to (3). $\begin{array}{cc}{}_{\mathrm{cr}}>{}_y& \mathrm{Expression}\left(1\right)\end{array}$$\begin{array}{cc}{}_{\mathrm{cr}}=\frac{k{}^2{\mathrm{Et}}^2}{12\left(1-v^2\right)b_f^2}& \mathrm{Expression}\left(2\right)\end{array}$$\begin{array}{cc}k=4.\exp \left(-28\frac{R1t}{b_{f}b}\right)& \mathrm{Expression}\left(3\right)\end{array}$

A pivot clip includes a substantially planar body defining an outside edge and an inside edge opposite the outside edge, the inside edge partially defining a notch; and a pair of arms extending from the inside edge, the notch formed between the pair of arms, the pair of arms angled relative to the substantially planar body such that the pair of arms are noncoplanar with the substantially planar body.