A method includes mixing a first deionized water (DI) water from a first pipe and a second DI water from a second pipe in a merging pipe that is in fluid communication with the first pipe and the second pipe. An electrical resistivity of the first DI water is different from an electrical resistivity of the second DI water. A mixture of the first DI water and the second DI water is applied from the merging pipe onto a wafer.

Systems operable to blend at least one finished gasoline from a refined petroleum product comprising at least one neat gasoline with ethanol and optionally butane utilizing a blend model that calculates a volumetric blend ratio comprising at least one neat gasoline, ethanol and optionally, butane. The blend model incorporates estimated values for the octane number and the volatility of the ethanol and butane when calculating the volumetric blend ratio.

The present embodiment describes a pipeline interchange, wherein the pipeline interchange has a refined petroleum product flowing through an upstream pipeline. The pipeline interchange can also have an automated slipstream analyzer connected to the upstream pipeline comprising an inlet, a return and an analyzer. In this embodiment, the automated slipstream analyzer is used to collect a sample, analyze the sample, generate data from the sample and return the sample of the refined petroleum product flowing through the upstream pipeline. The pipeline interchange can also have an automatic splitter, downstream of the automated slipstream analyzer, capable of receiving and interpreting the data from the automated slipstream analyzer and directing the refined petroleum product into at least three different downstream pipelines, wherein at least one of the downstream pipelines is an intermix pipeline.

A system for providing deionized (DI) water with a dynamic electrical resistivity is provided. The system includes plural DI water sources, source pipes, flow control devices, a merging pipe and a flow controller. The DI water sources respectively have different electrical resistivities. The source pipes are respectively connected to the DI water sources in a one-to-one manner. The flow control devices are respectively disposed in the source pipes in a one-to-one manner. The merging pipe joins the source pipes. The flow controller includes a resistivity sensor disposed in the merging pipe, and the flow controller is configured to control a flowrate of the DI water through the source pipes.

During the production of consumable liquids such as milk, soup, and juice, the liquid consumable may be transferred from one location to another location through a fluid conduit. For example, a consumable liquid may be transferred from a storage tank to another destination through piping. At the end of the process, the piping may be purged with a flushing fluid to push the liquid consumable remaining in the piping to the end destination, thus preventing the volume of liquid remaining in the piping from being wasted. To control the flushing processing, fluid flowing through the piping may be fluorometrically analyzed to determine a concentration of product in the fluid. The flushing liquid can then be controlled based on the determined concentration. For example, the supply of flushing liquid may be terminated when the concentration of product falls below a threshold, indicating the flushing liquid is diluting the liquid consumable.

During the production of consumable liquids such as milk, soup, and juice, the liquid consumable may be transferred from one location to another location through a fluid conduit. For example, a consumable liquid may be transferred from a storage tank to another destination through piping. At the end of the process, the piping may be purged with a flushing fluid to push the liquid consumable remaining in the piping to the end destination, thus preventing the volume of liquid remaining in the piping from being wasted. To control the flushing processing, fluid flowing through the piping may be fluorometrically analyzed to determine a concentration of product in the fluid. The flushing liquid can then be controlled based on the determined concentration. For example, the supply of flushing liquid may be terminated when the concentration of product falls below a threshold, indicating the flushing liquid is diluting the liquid consumable.

Provided is a concentration control apparatus that, without reducing maintainability, can shorten piping to improve responsiveness. The concentration control apparatus is one adapted to introduce carrier gas into a storage tank storing a material, and control the concentration of material gas that is led out of the storage tank as mixed gas with the carrier gas and results from vaporization of the material. Also, the concentration control apparatus includes: a first unit that controls the flow rate of the carrier gas to be introduced into the storage tank; and a second unit that detects the concentration of the material gas led out of the storage tank.

An apparatus for feeding gas mixtures to a compressor comprising a tubular mixing pipe connected with the compressor intake, first and second gas intake devices injecting into the mixing pipe gas received from a Helium source and an Oxygen source respectively, two sensors measuring the Oxygen percentage of the gas mixture, a first servo-controlled throttling valve interposed between the first gas intake device and the Helium source, a second servo-controlled throttling valve interposed between the second gas intake device and the Oxygen source, and a control unit configured to manage the throttling valves depending on the Oxygen percentages of the gas mixture measured by the sensors. The apparatus includes first and second auxiliary pressure regulators, electrically connected with the control unit, interposed respectively between the first servo-controlled valve and a manual regulator of the Helium source and between the second servo-controlled valve and a manual regulator of the Oxygen source.

A method comprises transporting a first stream of a carrier gas to a delivery device that contains a liquid precursor compound. The method further comprises transporting a second stream of the carrier gas to a point downstream of the delivery device. The first stream after emanating from the delivery device and the second stream are combined to form a third stream, such that the dew point of the vapor of the liquid precursor compound in the third stream is lower than the temperature of the plumbing that transports the vapor to a CVD reactor or a plurality of CVD reactors. The flow direction of the first stream, the flow direction of the second stream and the flow direction of the third stream are unidirectional and are not opposed to each other.

A gas control system includes: a first valve that is provided in a carrier gas line or in a gas supply line; a flow rate control mechanism that is provided in a diluent gas line and includes a flow rate sensor and a second valve; a contactless type first concentration sensor; a first valve control part; a diluent gas setting flow rate calculation part adapted to, on the basis of a preset setting total flow rate of a post-dilution mixed gas and a post-dilution measured concentration, calculate a diluent gas setting flow rate that is a flow rate of a diluent gas to be flowed through the diluent gas line; and a second valve control part adapted to control the opening level of the second valve so as to decrease the deviation between the diluent gas setting flow rate and a measured flow rate measured by the flow rate sensor.